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among theater people

  • 1 К-468

    ЗА КУЛИСАМИ PrepP Invar adv
    1. behind the stage in a theater
    in the wings
    backstage.
    2. in a theatrical environment
    among theater people
    in theatrical circles in the theater community among the theater crowd.
    3. - (чего) covertly, clandestinely, nonofficially
    behind the scenes
    in the wings backstage in the background.
    У меня не было подвигов, я не действовала на сцене. Вся жизнь моя проходила за кулисами (Аллилуева 1). I have по great deeds to my credit
    I've never been an actor on center stage. All my life was spent behind the scenes (1a).
    Претендент в комиссию не вошел, но играл за кулисами первую скрипку (Зиновьев 1). Claimant was not a member of the commission, but played first fiddle in the wings (1a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > К-468

  • 2 за кулисами

    [PrepP; Invar; adv]
    =====
    1. behind the stage in a theater:
    - backstage.
    2. in a theatrical environment:
    - among the theater crowd.
    3. за кулисами (чего) covertly, clandestinely, nonofficially:
    - in the background.
         ♦ У меня не было подвигов, я не действовала на сцене. Вся жизнь моя проходила за кулисами (Аллилуева 1). I have no great deeds to my credit; I've never been an actor on center stage. All my life was spent behind the scenes (1a).
         ♦ Претендент в комиссию не вошел, но играл за кулисами первую скрипку (Зиновьев 1). Claimant was not a member of the commission, but played first fiddle in the wings (1a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > за кулисами

  • 3 terraza

    f.
    1 balcony.
    2 terrace, patio.
    3 terrace roof (azotea).
    4 terrace (bancal).
    * * *
    1 (balcón) terrace, balcony
    2 (azotea) roof terrace, terrace
    3 (de un café) terrace
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (Arquit) (=balcón) balcony; (=azotea) flat roof, terrace
    2) (=café) pavement café
    3) (Agr) terrace
    4) [en jardín] flowerbed, border
    5) (Culin) (=jarro) two-handled glazed jar
    6) * (=cabeza) nut *, noggin (EEUU) *, bonce *
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( balcón) balcony
    b) ( azotea) terrace
    2) (Agr) terrace
    * * *
    = terrace, rooftop terrace, roof terrace, patio, street terrace.
    Ex. For such designs he introduced many features from early English gardens -- raised flower beds, terraces, and trellis work.
    Ex. The rooftop terrace is a grand belvedere, with views of the bay and the surrounding mountains.
    Ex. Roof terraces are increasingly common as urban dwellers seek to make the most of outside space.
    Ex. Many customers are showing more interest in getting a patio for their garden in recent years.
    Ex. What we found was a bar with a street terrace that wouldn't have been out of place in Paris.
    ----
    * bar con terraza = curbside cafe, kerbside cafe, terrace bar.
    * cafetería con terraza = kerbside cafe.
    * terraza ajardinada = roof garden.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( balcón) balcony
    b) ( azotea) terrace
    2) (Agr) terrace
    * * *
    = terrace, rooftop terrace, roof terrace, patio, street terrace.

    Ex: For such designs he introduced many features from early English gardens -- raised flower beds, terraces, and trellis work.

    Ex: The rooftop terrace is a grand belvedere, with views of the bay and the surrounding mountains.
    Ex: Roof terraces are increasingly common as urban dwellers seek to make the most of outside space.
    Ex: Many customers are showing more interest in getting a patio for their garden in recent years.
    Ex: What we found was a bar with a street terrace that wouldn't have been out of place in Paris.
    * bar con terraza = curbside cafe, kerbside cafe, terrace bar.
    * cafetería con terraza = kerbside cafe.
    * terraza ajardinada = roof garden.

    * * *
    terraza (↑ terraza a1)
    A
    1 (balcón) balcony
    2 (azotea) flat roof, terrace
    sentémonos en la terraza let's sit outside
    B ( Agr) terrace
    In Spain, an area outside a bar, café, or restaurant to sit and have a drink, or eat in the open air. Some terrazas are very trendy and popular among young people going out in the evening. These can be very large, open until late at night, and may even have music.
    * * *

     

    terraza sustantivo femenino




    d) (Agr) terrace

    terraza sustantivo femenino
    1 (azotea) flat roof
    (balcón grande, mirador) balcony, terrace
    2 (de un bar, café) terrace, pavement café, US sidewalk café
    3 Agr terrace
    ' terraza' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    amiga
    - amigo
    - descolgar
    - sombrilla
    - descubierto
    - mirar
    - toldo
    English:
    balcony
    - flagstone
    - porch
    - terrace
    - deck
    - roof
    * * *
    1. [balcón] balcony
    terraza cerrada glazed balcony
    2. [de café] terrace;
    la gente sentada en las terrazas de verano the people sitting out in the pavement cafés
    3. [bancal] terrace;
    cultivo en terrazas terrace farming
    4. [azotea] terrace roof
    5. Fam [cabeza] nut
    * * *
    f
    1 terrace
    2 ( balcón) balcony
    3 ( café) sidewalk café, Br
    pavement café
    * * *
    1) : terrace, veranda
    2) : balcony (in a theater)
    3) : terrace (in agriculture)
    * * *
    1. (en general) terrace
    en verano, la gente se sienta en las terrazas people sit on the terrace in summer
    2. (azotea) flat roof

    Spanish-English dictionary > terraza

  • 4 grande

    adj.
    1 big, large.
    un gran artista a great artist
    el gran favorito the firm favorite
    una gran figura a big name
    una gran parte de mi trabajo implica… a large part of my job involves…
    una gran responsabilidad a heavy responsibility
    a lo grande in a big way, in style
    grandes almacenes department store
    Gran Bretaña Great Britain
    el Gran Cañón the Grand Canyon
    gran danés great Dane
    gran éxito smash (hit) (disco, libro)
    los Grandes Lagos the Great Lakes
    la Gran Muralla (China) the Great Wall (of China)
    el gran público the general public
    2 old (de edad). (Mexican Spanish, River Plate)
    3 fantastic(informal). ( River Plate)
    4 magnus, Mag, magnum.
    5 grand, formidable, majestical, stately.
    m.
    grandee (noble).
    * * *
    1 (tamaño) large, big
    2 (fuerte, intenso) great
    3 (mayor) grown-up, old, big
    \
    a lo grande on a grand scale, in a big way
    estar grande una cosa a alguien to be too big on somebody
    pasarlo en grande familiar to have a great time
    vivir a lo grande figurado to live in style
    Grande de España grandee Table 1 NOTA See also gran/Table 1
    * * *
    adj.
    1) big
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    ( antes de sm sing gran)
    1) [de tamaño] big, large; [de estatura] big, tall; [número, velocidad] high, great

    ¿cómo es de grande? — how big o large is it?, what size is it?

    en cantidades más grandes — in larger o greater quantities

    grandísimo — enormous, huge

    un esfuerzo grandísimo — an enormous effort, a huge effort

    ¡grandísimo tunante! — you old rogue!

    hacer algo a lo grande — to do sth in style, make a splash doing sth *

    2) (=importante) [artista, hazaña] great; [empresa] big
    3) (=mucho, muy) great

    se estrenó con gran éxito — it was a great success, it went off very well

    4) [en edad]
    (=mayor)

    ya eres grande, Raúl — you are a big boy now, Raúl

    ¿qué piensas hacer cuando seas grande? — what do you want to do when you grow up?

    5)

    ¡qué grande! — Arg * how funny!

    2. SMF
    1) (=personaje importante)
    2) LAm (=adulto) adult
    3. SF
    1) Arg [de lotería] first prize, big prize
    2) And ** (=cárcel) clink **, jail
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo [ gran is used before singular nouns]
    1)
    a) ( en dimensiones) large, big; <boca/nariz> big
    b) ( en demasía) too big

    me queda or me está grande — it's too big for me

    quedarle grande a alguien — puesto/responsabilidad to be too much for somebody

    2) ( alto) tall
    3) (Geog)
    4) ( en edad)

    los más grandes pueden ir solos — the older o bigger ones can go on their own

    a) (notable, excelente) great

    un gran hombre/vino — a great man/wine

    b) ( poderoso) big
    6)
    a) (en intensidad, grado) great

    me llevé un susto más grande...! — I got such a fright!

    una temporada de gran éxito — a very o a highly successful season

    7)
    a) ( en número) < familia> large, big; < clase> big

    la gran parte or mayoría de los votantes — the great o vast majority of the voters

    b) ( elevado)

    a gran velocidad — at high o great speed

    en grande: lo pasamos en grande — we had a great time (colloq)

    •
    II
    masculino, femenino
    1) (de la industria, el comercio) big o leading name
    2)
    a) ( mayor)

    quiero ir con los grandes — I want to go with the big boys/girls

    b) ( adulto)
    •
    * * *
    = vast [vaster -comp., vastest -sup.], big [bigger -comp., biggest -sup.], bulky, considerable, deep [deeper -comp., deepest -sup.], extensive, great [greater -comp., greatest -sup.], heavy [heavier -comp., heaviest -sup.], high [higher -comp., highest -sup.], huge, large [larger -comp., largest -sup.], large scale [large-scale], tremendous, wide [wider -comp., widest -sup.], goodly [goodlier -comp., goodliest -sup.], abysmal, heavyweight [heavy weight], broad [broader -comp., broadest -sup.], of the highest order.
    Ex. If you add to this other access points, such as collections housed in old people's homes or day centres, prisons, hospitals, youth clubs, playgroups etc the coverage is vast.
    Ex. Fiction is a big item for children and also just for ordinary public library users.
    Ex. Like all enumerative schedules, the LC schedules are bulky, extending to some 8000 pages.
    Ex. The need to become familiar with different command languages for different hosts is a considerable barrier to effective retrieval.
    Ex. The world's largest processing department's plans and policies are always of deep interest.
    Ex. The minutely detailed classification is of the type appropriate to an extensive collection.
    Ex. Clearly, great variations can be expected between different indexing languages for different databases.
    Ex. In fact, the area was well served by a very good neighbourhood advice centre which had a heavy workload of advice and information-giving.
    Ex. Lower specificity will be associated with lower precision but high recall.
    Ex. A user searching for Smith's 'History as Argument' who was not sure under which subject it would be entered, would have to prowl through a huge number of cards in a card catalog to find the entry under SMITH.
    Ex. Serial searching for a string of characters is usually performed on a small subset of a large file.
    Ex. It is in the development of such large-scale services that problems are seen most acutely.
    Ex. There has been tremendous growth in libraries since then, but, fundamentally, it has been possible to build on the foundation that nineteenth-century heroes constructed.
    Ex. The method is sufficiently flexible to allow for wide modifications.
    Ex. However, we must not forget the book which the critics acclaim and which also sells in goodly numbers.
    Ex. The major problem encountered in encouraging young adults to use public libraries is the abysmal lack of specialist young adult librarians = El principal problema que se encuentra para es incentivar a los jóvenes a usar las bibliotecas públicas es la enorme falta de bibliotecarios especialistas en temas relacionados con los adolescentes.
    Ex. Heavyweight information technology firms such as IBM are appearing in the market and challenging traditional players.
    Ex. In 'upper town' streets are broad, quiet, and tree-shaded; the homes are tall and heavy and look like battleships, each anchored in its private sea of grass.
    Ex. I've got to tell you, and I do say this affectionately, but we're talking about a geek of the highest order.
    ----
    * a grandes rasgos = broadly, rough draft.
    * a gran escala = large scale [large-scale], massive, on a wide scale, high-volume, wide-scale, on a broad scale, in a big way, on a grand scale.
    * a gran velocidad = at great speed.
    * a lo grande = in a big way, big time, grandly, on a grand scale.
    * armar un gran revuelo = set + the cat among the pigeons, put + the cat among the pigeons.
    * a un gran coste = at (a) great expense.
    * avanzar con gran dificultad = grind on.
    * bastante grande = largish.
    * calabacín grande = marrow, marrow squash.
    * causar una gran sensación = make + a splash.
    * causar un gran alboroto = make + a splash.
    * causar un gran revuelo = set + the cat among the pigeons, put + the cat among the pigeons, make + a splash.
    * celebrar a lo grande = make + a song and dance about.
    * con gran capacidad = capacious.
    * con gran colorido = brightly coloured.
    * con gran densidad de población = densely populated.
    * con gran dificultad = with great difficulty.
    * con gran esplendor = grandly.
    * con gran iluminación = brightly illuminated.
    * con gran motivación = highly-motivated.
    * con gran sentimiento = earnestly.
    * conseguir en gran medida + Infinitivo = go + a long way (towards/to/in) + Gerundio.
    * contribuir en gran medida a + Infinitivo = go + a long way (towards/to/in) + Gerundio, go far in + Gerundio, go far towards + Gerundio.
    * con una gran cultura = well-read.
    * con una gran diferencia = by a huge margin.
    * con una gran tradición = long-standing.
    * con un gran número de lectores = widely-read.
    * con un gran suspiro = with a deep sigh.
    * convertirse en un gran problema = grow to + a crisis.
    * correr un gran riesgo = play (for) + high stakes.
    * crear con gran destreza = craft.
    * dar un gran paso adelante = reach + milestone.
    * de gran ahorro energético = energy-saving.
    * de gran belleza = scenic.
    * de gran calibre = high-calibre.
    * de gran calidad = high-quality, high-grade [high grade], high-calibre.
    * de gran capacidad = large-capacity, high capacity.
    * de gran colorido = brightly coloured.
    * de gran corazón = big-hearted.
    * de gran efecto = wide-reaching.
    * de gran éxito comercial = high selling.
    * de gran formato = oversized.
    * de gran impacto = high impact [high-impact].
    * de gran influencia = seminal.
    * de gran lucidez = clear-sighted.
    * de gran lujo = top-class.
    * de gran potencia = high-powered.
    * de gran repercusión = far-reaching, wide-reaching, far-ranging.
    * de gran talento = talented.
    * de gran valor = highly valued, highly valuable.
    * de gran valor histórico = of great historical value.
    * de gran venta = high selling.
    * demasiado grande = oversized.
    * describir a grandes rasgos = paint + a broad picture.
    * desplazarse grandes distancias = travel + long distances.
    * ejercer una gran influencia en = play + a strong hand in.
    * el gran hermano = big brother.
    * el todo es más grande que la suma de sus partes = the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
    * empresa de grandes derroches = high roller.
    * en gran cantidad = prodigiously.
    * en grandes cantidades = en masse, in good number, in bulk.
    * en grandes números = in record numbers, in record numbers.
    * en gran formato = oversize, oversized.
    * en gran medida = by and large, extensively, greatly, heavily, largely, to a considerable extent, to a high degree, to a large extent, tremendously, vastly, very much, to a great extent, in no small way, to any great degree, in many ways, in large part, in large measure, in no small measure, to a large degree, to a great degree.
    * en gran número = numerously.
    * en gran parte = largely, in large part, in large measure, for the most part, to a great extent, to a great degree.
    * en un gran aprieto = in dire straits.
    * en un gran apuro = in dire straits.
    * esperar una (gran) sorpresa = be in for a (big) surprise.
    * expresión típica de Gran Bretaña = Briticism.
    * extra grande = extra-large.
    * gestión de grandes extensiones para la cría de ganado = range management.
    * gran altura = high altitude.
    * gran aumento = heavy increase.
    * gran bebedor = heavy drinker.
    * gran belleza = scenic beauty.
    * Gran Bretaña = Britain, Great Britain.
    * gran calidad = high standard.
    * gran cantidad de = large crop of, mass of.
    * gran categoría = high standard.
    * gran cosa = big deal.
    * gran danés = Great Dane.
    * Gran Depresión, la = Depression, the, Great Depression, the.
    * grandes almacenes = department store.
    * grandes cantidades de = storerooms of, huge numbers of, huge numbers of, great numbers of.
    * grandes escritores, los = great imaginative writers, the.
    * grandes robles nacen de pequeñas bellotas = great oaks from little acorns grow.
    * grandes sumas de dinero = vast sums of money.
    * grande superficie = shopping mall, shopping complex, shopping centre.
    * grandes y pequeños = great and small.
    * grande y tenebroso = cavernous.
    * gran ducado = grand-duchy.
    * gran espectáculo = extravaganza.
    * gran extensión de tierra dedicada a la cría de animales de pasto = rangeland.
    * gran grupo = constellation.
    * gran mentira = big fat lie.
    * gran nivel = high standard.
    * gran número de = great numbers of.
    * gran pantalla de televisión = large-screen television.
    * gran parte = much.
    * gran parte de = much of.
    * gran peso = heavy weight.
    * gran placer = great pleasure.
    * gran potencia = great power.
    * gran salto adelante = giant leap, great leap forward.
    * gran tiburón blanco = great white shark.
    * gran titular = headline banner.
    * hacer grandes esfuerzos por = take + (great) pains to.
    * hacer grandes progresos = make + great strides.
    * hacer un gran esfuerzo = go out of + Posesivo + way to + Infinitivo.
    * hacer un gran negocio = make + a killing.
    * IGE (Integración a Gran Escala) = LSI (Large Scale Integration).
    * influir en gran medida = become + a force.
    * jaula grande para pájaros = aviary.
    * jugador de grandes apuestas = high roller.
    * la Gran Manzana = the Big Apple.
    * la gran mayoría de = the vast majority of, the bulk of.
    * levantar un gran revuelo = set + the cat among the pigeons, put + the cat among the pigeons.
    * llevarse una (gran) sorpresa = be in for a (big) surprise.
    * lo suficientemente grande = large enough, big enough.
    * más grande = greater.
    * muy grande = big time.
    * Nombre + a gran escala = broad scale + Nombre.
    * no ser gran cosa = not add up to much, add up to + nothing.
    * no ser una gran pérdida = be no great loss.
    * no significar gran cosa = not add up to much.
    * no suponer gran cosa = not add up to much.
    * no valer gran cosa = be no great shakes.
    * pago único y bien grande = fat lump sum.
    * para + Posesivo + gran sorpresa = much to + Posesivo + surprise.
    * pasarlo a lo grande = have + a ball, have + a whale of a time.
    * pasarlo en grande = have + a ball, have + a whale of a time.
    * pasárselo en grande = enjoy + every minute of, love + every minute of it.
    * Pedro el Grande = Peter the Great.
    * pensar a lo grande = think + big.
    * Pie Grande = Bigfoot, Sasquatch.
    * por un gran margen = by a huge margin.
    * producir con gran destreza = craft.
    * provocar un gran alboroto = make + a splash.
    * provocar un gran revuelo = set + the cat among the pigeons, put + the cat among the pigeons.
    * que le presta gran importancia a la cultura = culture-conscious.
    * recorrer grandes distancias = travel + long distances.
    * revista que tiene una gran demanda popular = mass-market journal.
    * ser de gran ayuda para = be a boon to.
    * ser de gran beneficio para = be of great benefit to.
    * ser una gran ayuda = be a tower of strength.
    * ser un gran alivio = be a welcome relief.
    * ser un gran apoyo = be a tower of strength.
    * ser un gran avance = be half the battle.
    * ser un gran paso adelante = be half the battle.
    * taza grande = mug.
    * tener en gran estima = have + a very high regard for.
    * tener gran éxito = hit + a home run, hit it out of + the park, knock it out of + the park.
    * tener gran importancia = be of high significance.
    * tener gran repercusión = be far reaching.
    * tener una gran tradición = have + a long ancestry.
    * tener un gran impacto = have + a big impact.
    * tomar un gran riesgo = play (for) + high stakes.
    * una gran cantidad de = a good deal of, a great deal of, a large degree of, a mass of, a plethora of, a supply of, a vast amount of, a city of, a wealth of, a sea of, a cascade of, an army of, a good many, a huge number of, a great number of, a multitude of, scores of, a host of, a vast corpus of, a whole host of.
    * una gran cantidad y variedad de = a wealth and breadth of.
    * una gran diversidad de = a wide range of, a broad variety of, a wide variety of, a broad range of.
    * una gran experiencia = a wealth of experience.
    * una gran extensión de = a sea of.
    * una gran gama de = a wide range of, a rich tapestry of, a wide band of, a broad variety of, a wide variety of, a broad range of, a whole gamut of.
    * una gran mayoría de = a large proportion of.
    * una gran parte de = a broad population of, a lion's share of.
    * una gran pérdida = a great loss.
    * una gran proporción de = a large proportion of.
    * una gran variedad de = a wide range of, a multiplicity of, a rich tapestry of, a plurality of, a broad variety of, a broad range of, a whole gamut of.
    * un gran espectro de = a wide band of.
    * un gran número de = a good deal of, a great deal of, a plethora of, a wide range of, a full roster of, a fair number of, a great number of, a broad variety of, a wide variety of, a broad range of, a vast corpus of.
    * un gran repertorio de = an arsenal of, an armoury of [armory].
    * un gran volumen de = a vast corpus of.
    * venirle Algo grande a Alguien = get + too big for + Posesivo + breeches.
    * WAN (red de gran alcance) = WAN (wide area network).
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo [ gran is used before singular nouns]
    1)
    a) ( en dimensiones) large, big; <boca/nariz> big
    b) ( en demasía) too big

    me queda or me está grande — it's too big for me

    quedarle grande a alguien — puesto/responsabilidad to be too much for somebody

    2) ( alto) tall
    3) (Geog)
    4) ( en edad)

    los más grandes pueden ir solos — the older o bigger ones can go on their own

    a) (notable, excelente) great

    un gran hombre/vino — a great man/wine

    b) ( poderoso) big
    6)
    a) (en intensidad, grado) great

    me llevé un susto más grande...! — I got such a fright!

    una temporada de gran éxito — a very o a highly successful season

    7)
    a) ( en número) < familia> large, big; < clase> big

    la gran parte or mayoría de los votantes — the great o vast majority of the voters

    b) ( elevado)

    a gran velocidad — at high o great speed

    en grande: lo pasamos en grande — we had a great time (colloq)

    •
    II
    masculino, femenino
    1) (de la industria, el comercio) big o leading name
    2)
    a) ( mayor)

    quiero ir con los grandes — I want to go with the big boys/girls

    b) ( adulto)
    •
    * * *
    = vast [vaster -comp., vastest -sup.], big [bigger -comp., biggest -sup.], bulky, considerable, deep [deeper -comp., deepest -sup.], extensive, great [greater -comp., greatest -sup.], heavy [heavier -comp., heaviest -sup.], high [higher -comp., highest -sup.], huge, large [larger -comp., largest -sup.], large scale [large-scale], tremendous, wide [wider -comp., widest -sup.], goodly [goodlier -comp., goodliest -sup.], abysmal, heavyweight [heavy weight], broad [broader -comp., broadest -sup.], of the highest order.

    Ex: If you add to this other access points, such as collections housed in old people's homes or day centres, prisons, hospitals, youth clubs, playgroups etc the coverage is vast.

    Ex: Fiction is a big item for children and also just for ordinary public library users.
    Ex: Like all enumerative schedules, the LC schedules are bulky, extending to some 8000 pages.
    Ex: The need to become familiar with different command languages for different hosts is a considerable barrier to effective retrieval.
    Ex: The world's largest processing department's plans and policies are always of deep interest.
    Ex: The minutely detailed classification is of the type appropriate to an extensive collection.
    Ex: Clearly, great variations can be expected between different indexing languages for different databases.
    Ex: In fact, the area was well served by a very good neighbourhood advice centre which had a heavy workload of advice and information-giving.
    Ex: Lower specificity will be associated with lower precision but high recall.
    Ex: A user searching for Smith's 'History as Argument' who was not sure under which subject it would be entered, would have to prowl through a huge number of cards in a card catalog to find the entry under SMITH.
    Ex: Serial searching for a string of characters is usually performed on a small subset of a large file.
    Ex: It is in the development of such large-scale services that problems are seen most acutely.
    Ex: There has been tremendous growth in libraries since then, but, fundamentally, it has been possible to build on the foundation that nineteenth-century heroes constructed.
    Ex: The method is sufficiently flexible to allow for wide modifications.
    Ex: However, we must not forget the book which the critics acclaim and which also sells in goodly numbers.
    Ex: The major problem encountered in encouraging young adults to use public libraries is the abysmal lack of specialist young adult librarians = El principal problema que se encuentra para es incentivar a los jóvenes a usar las bibliotecas públicas es la enorme falta de bibliotecarios especialistas en temas relacionados con los adolescentes.
    Ex: Heavyweight information technology firms such as IBM are appearing in the market and challenging traditional players.
    Ex: In 'upper town' streets are broad, quiet, and tree-shaded; the homes are tall and heavy and look like battleships, each anchored in its private sea of grass.
    Ex: I've got to tell you, and I do say this affectionately, but we're talking about a geek of the highest order.
    * a grandes rasgos = broadly, rough draft.
    * a gran escala = large scale [large-scale], massive, on a wide scale, high-volume, wide-scale, on a broad scale, in a big way, on a grand scale.
    * a gran velocidad = at great speed.
    * a lo grande = in a big way, big time, grandly, on a grand scale.
    * armar un gran revuelo = set + the cat among the pigeons, put + the cat among the pigeons.
    * a un gran coste = at (a) great expense.
    * avanzar con gran dificultad = grind on.
    * bastante grande = largish.
    * calabacín grande = marrow, marrow squash.
    * causar una gran sensación = make + a splash.
    * causar un gran alboroto = make + a splash.
    * causar un gran revuelo = set + the cat among the pigeons, put + the cat among the pigeons, make + a splash.
    * celebrar a lo grande = make + a song and dance about.
    * con gran capacidad = capacious.
    * con gran colorido = brightly coloured.
    * con gran densidad de población = densely populated.
    * con gran dificultad = with great difficulty.
    * con gran esplendor = grandly.
    * con gran iluminación = brightly illuminated.
    * con gran motivación = highly-motivated.
    * con gran sentimiento = earnestly.
    * conseguir en gran medida + Infinitivo = go + a long way (towards/to/in) + Gerundio.
    * contribuir en gran medida a + Infinitivo = go + a long way (towards/to/in) + Gerundio, go far in + Gerundio, go far towards + Gerundio.
    * con una gran cultura = well-read.
    * con una gran diferencia = by a huge margin.
    * con una gran tradición = long-standing.
    * con un gran número de lectores = widely-read.
    * con un gran suspiro = with a deep sigh.
    * convertirse en un gran problema = grow to + a crisis.
    * correr un gran riesgo = play (for) + high stakes.
    * crear con gran destreza = craft.
    * dar un gran paso adelante = reach + milestone.
    * de gran ahorro energético = energy-saving.
    * de gran belleza = scenic.
    * de gran calibre = high-calibre.
    * de gran calidad = high-quality, high-grade [high grade], high-calibre.
    * de gran capacidad = large-capacity, high capacity.
    * de gran colorido = brightly coloured.
    * de gran corazón = big-hearted.
    * de gran efecto = wide-reaching.
    * de gran éxito comercial = high selling.
    * de gran formato = oversized.
    * de gran impacto = high impact [high-impact].
    * de gran influencia = seminal.
    * de gran lucidez = clear-sighted.
    * de gran lujo = top-class.
    * de gran potencia = high-powered.
    * de gran repercusión = far-reaching, wide-reaching, far-ranging.
    * de gran talento = talented.
    * de gran valor = highly valued, highly valuable.
    * de gran valor histórico = of great historical value.
    * de gran venta = high selling.
    * demasiado grande = oversized.
    * describir a grandes rasgos = paint + a broad picture.
    * desplazarse grandes distancias = travel + long distances.
    * ejercer una gran influencia en = play + a strong hand in.
    * el gran hermano = big brother.
    * el todo es más grande que la suma de sus partes = the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
    * empresa de grandes derroches = high roller.
    * en gran cantidad = prodigiously.
    * en grandes cantidades = en masse, in good number, in bulk.
    * en grandes números = in record numbers, in record numbers.
    * en gran formato = oversize, oversized.
    * en gran medida = by and large, extensively, greatly, heavily, largely, to a considerable extent, to a high degree, to a large extent, tremendously, vastly, very much, to a great extent, in no small way, to any great degree, in many ways, in large part, in large measure, in no small measure, to a large degree, to a great degree.
    * en gran número = numerously.
    * en gran parte = largely, in large part, in large measure, for the most part, to a great extent, to a great degree.
    * en un gran aprieto = in dire straits.
    * en un gran apuro = in dire straits.
    * esperar una (gran) sorpresa = be in for a (big) surprise.
    * expresión típica de Gran Bretaña = Briticism.
    * extra grande = extra-large.
    * gestión de grandes extensiones para la cría de ganado = range management.
    * gran altura = high altitude.
    * gran aumento = heavy increase.
    * gran bebedor = heavy drinker.
    * gran belleza = scenic beauty.
    * Gran Bretaña = Britain, Great Britain.
    * gran calidad = high standard.
    * gran cantidad de = large crop of, mass of.
    * gran categoría = high standard.
    * gran cosa = big deal.
    * gran danés = Great Dane.
    * Gran Depresión, la = Depression, the, Great Depression, the.
    * grandes almacenes = department store.
    * grandes cantidades de = storerooms of, huge numbers of, huge numbers of, great numbers of.
    * grandes escritores, los = great imaginative writers, the.
    * grandes robles nacen de pequeñas bellotas = great oaks from little acorns grow.
    * grandes sumas de dinero = vast sums of money.
    * grande superficie = shopping mall, shopping complex, shopping centre.
    * grandes y pequeños = great and small.
    * grande y tenebroso = cavernous.
    * gran ducado = grand-duchy.
    * gran espectáculo = extravaganza.
    * gran extensión de tierra dedicada a la cría de animales de pasto = rangeland.
    * gran grupo = constellation.
    * gran mentira = big fat lie.
    * gran nivel = high standard.
    * gran número de = great numbers of.
    * gran pantalla de televisión = large-screen television.
    * gran parte = much.
    * gran parte de = much of.
    * gran peso = heavy weight.
    * gran placer = great pleasure.
    * gran potencia = great power.
    * gran salto adelante = giant leap, great leap forward.
    * gran tiburón blanco = great white shark.
    * gran titular = headline banner.
    * hacer grandes esfuerzos por = take + (great) pains to.
    * hacer grandes progresos = make + great strides.
    * hacer un gran esfuerzo = go out of + Posesivo + way to + Infinitivo.
    * hacer un gran negocio = make + a killing.
    * IGE (Integración a Gran Escala) = LSI (Large Scale Integration).
    * influir en gran medida = become + a force.
    * jaula grande para pájaros = aviary.
    * jugador de grandes apuestas = high roller.
    * la Gran Manzana = the Big Apple.
    * la gran mayoría de = the vast majority of, the bulk of.
    * levantar un gran revuelo = set + the cat among the pigeons, put + the cat among the pigeons.
    * llevarse una (gran) sorpresa = be in for a (big) surprise.
    * lo suficientemente grande = large enough, big enough.
    * más grande = greater.
    * muy grande = big time.
    * Nombre + a gran escala = broad scale + Nombre.
    * no ser gran cosa = not add up to much, add up to + nothing.
    * no ser una gran pérdida = be no great loss.
    * no significar gran cosa = not add up to much.
    * no suponer gran cosa = not add up to much.
    * no valer gran cosa = be no great shakes.
    * pago único y bien grande = fat lump sum.
    * para + Posesivo + gran sorpresa = much to + Posesivo + surprise.
    * pasarlo a lo grande = have + a ball, have + a whale of a time.
    * pasarlo en grande = have + a ball, have + a whale of a time.
    * pasárselo en grande = enjoy + every minute of, love + every minute of it.
    * Pedro el Grande = Peter the Great.
    * pensar a lo grande = think + big.
    * Pie Grande = Bigfoot, Sasquatch.
    * por un gran margen = by a huge margin.
    * producir con gran destreza = craft.
    * provocar un gran alboroto = make + a splash.
    * provocar un gran revuelo = set + the cat among the pigeons, put + the cat among the pigeons.
    * que le presta gran importancia a la cultura = culture-conscious.
    * recorrer grandes distancias = travel + long distances.
    * revista que tiene una gran demanda popular = mass-market journal.
    * ser de gran ayuda para = be a boon to.
    * ser de gran beneficio para = be of great benefit to.
    * ser una gran ayuda = be a tower of strength.
    * ser un gran alivio = be a welcome relief.
    * ser un gran apoyo = be a tower of strength.
    * ser un gran avance = be half the battle.
    * ser un gran paso adelante = be half the battle.
    * taza grande = mug.
    * tener en gran estima = have + a very high regard for.
    * tener gran éxito = hit + a home run, hit it out of + the park, knock it out of + the park.
    * tener gran importancia = be of high significance.
    * tener gran repercusión = be far reaching.
    * tener una gran tradición = have + a long ancestry.
    * tener un gran impacto = have + a big impact.
    * tomar un gran riesgo = play (for) + high stakes.
    * una gran cantidad de = a good deal of, a great deal of, a large degree of, a mass of, a plethora of, a supply of, a vast amount of, a city of, a wealth of, a sea of, a cascade of, an army of, a good many, a huge number of, a great number of, a multitude of, scores of, a host of, a vast corpus of, a whole host of.
    * una gran cantidad y variedad de = a wealth and breadth of.
    * una gran diversidad de = a wide range of, a broad variety of, a wide variety of, a broad range of.
    * una gran experiencia = a wealth of experience.
    * una gran extensión de = a sea of.
    * una gran gama de = a wide range of, a rich tapestry of, a wide band of, a broad variety of, a wide variety of, a broad range of, a whole gamut of.
    * una gran mayoría de = a large proportion of.
    * una gran parte de = a broad population of, a lion's share of.
    * una gran pérdida = a great loss.
    * una gran proporción de = a large proportion of.
    * una gran variedad de = a wide range of, a multiplicity of, a rich tapestry of, a plurality of, a broad variety of, a broad range of, a whole gamut of.
    * un gran espectro de = a wide band of.
    * un gran número de = a good deal of, a great deal of, a plethora of, a wide range of, a full roster of, a fair number of, a great number of, a broad variety of, a wide variety of, a broad range of, a vast corpus of.
    * un gran repertorio de = an arsenal of, an armoury of [armory].
    * un gran volumen de = a vast corpus of.
    * venirle Algo grande a Alguien = get + too big for + Posesivo + breeches.
    * WAN (red de gran alcance) = WAN (wide area network).

    * * *
    A
    1 (en dimensiones) large, big
    se mudaron a una casa más grande they moved to a larger o bigger house
    sus grandes ojos negros her big dark eyes
    un tipo grande, ancho de hombros a big, broad-shouldered guy
    una chica grandota, fortachona ( fam); a big, strong girl, a strapping lass ( BrE colloq)
    tiene la boca/nariz grande she has a big mouth/nose
    2 (en demasía) too big
    ¿esto será grande para Daniel? do you think this is too big for Daniel?
    estos zapatos me quedan or me están grandes these shoes are too big for me
    quedarle or ( Esp) venirle grande a algn «puesto/responsabilidad» to be too much for sb
    B (alto) tall
    ¡qué grande está Andrés! isn't Andrés tall!, hasn't Andrés gotten* tall!
    C ( Geog):
    el Gran Buenos Aires/Bilbao Greater Buenos Aires/Bilbao
    D
    1
    ( esp AmL) ‹niño/chico› (en edad): los más grandes pueden ir solos the older o bigger ones can go on their own
    ya eres grande y puedes comer solito you're a big boy now and you can feed yourself
    cuando sea grande quiero ser bailarina when I grow up I want to be a ballet dancer
    mis hijos ya son grandes my children are all grown up now
    2
    ( Arg) (maduro, mayor): es una mujer grande she isn't a young woman o she's a mature woman
    está saliendo con un tipo grande she's going out with an older guy
    1 (notable, excelente) great
    un gran hombre/artista/vino a great man/artist/wine
    la gran dama del teatro the grande dame of the theater
    los grandes bancos/industriales the big banks/industrialists
    los grandes señores feudales the great feudal lords
    a lo grande in style
    3
    (en importancia): son grandes amigos they're great friends
    grandes fumadores heavy smokers
    F ( fam)
    (increíble): ¡qué cosa más grande! ¡ya te he dicho 20 veces que no lo sé! this is unbelievable! I've told you 20 times already that I don't know!
    ¿no es grande que ahora me echen la culpa a mí? ( iró); and now they blame me; great, isn't it? ( iro)
    G
    1 (en intensidad, grado) great
    me causó una gran pena it caused me great sadness
    me has dado una gran alegría you have made me very happy
    comió con gran apetito she ate hungrily o heartily
    un día de gran calor a very hot day
    los grandes fríos del 47 the great o big freeze of '47
    me llevé un susto más grande … I got such a fright
    para mi gran vergüenza to my great embarrassment
    se produjo una gran explosión there was a powerful explosion
    es un gran honor para mí it is a great honor* for me
    ha sido una temporada de gran éxito it has been a very o a highly successful season
    no corre gran prisa it is not very urgent
    las paredes tienen gran necesidad de una mano de pintura the walls are very much in need of a coat of paint
    2
    (uso enfático): eso es una gran verdad that is absolutely o very true
    ésa es la mentira más grande que he oído that's the biggest lie I've ever heard
    ¡qué gran novedad! ( iró); you don't say! o what a surprise! ( iro)
    H
    1 (en número) ‹familia› large, big; ‹clase› big
    la gran mayoría de los votantes the great o vast majority of the voters
    dedican gran parte de su tiempo a la investigación they devote much of o a great deal of their time to research
    esto se debe en gran parte a que … this is largely due to the fact that …
    2
    (elevado): a gran velocidad at high o great speed
    volar a gran altura to fly at a great height
    un edificio de gran altura a very tall building
    un gran número de personas a large number of people
    objetos de gran valor objects of great value
    en grande: lo pasamos or nos divertimos en grande we had a great time ( colloq)
    Compuestos:
    masculine wide-angle lens
    el gran capital big business
    masculine Great Dane
    la Gran Depresión the Great Depression
    ( Astron): la gran explosión the Big Bang
    la Gran Guerra the Great War
    masculine Big Brother
    el gran hermano te observa or te vigila Big Brother is watching you
    masculine Grand Master
    masculine grand master
    masculine international grand master
    feminine grand opera
    masculine Grand Prix
    el gran público the general public
    el gran simpático the sympathetic nervous system
    feminine ( Esp) large supermarket, hypermarket ( BrE)
    mpl department store
    masculine, feminine
    A (de la industria, el comercio) big o leading name, leading player
    uno de los tres grandes de la industria automovilística one of the big three names o one of the big three in the car industry
    B ( esp AmL)
    1
    (mayor): quiero ir con los grandes I want to go with the big boys/girls
    la grande ya está casada their eldest (daughter) is already married
    2 (adulto) grown-up
    Compuesto:
    (Spanish) grandee o nobleman
    ( RPl)
    la grande the big prize, the jackpot
    sacarse la grande (literal) to win the big prize o the jackpot
    se sacó la grande con ese marido she hit the jackpot with that husband
    * * *

     

    grande adjetivo
    ◊ gran is used before singular nouns

    1
    a) ( en dimensiones) ‹casa/área/nariz› big, large;


    unos grande almacenes a department store


    c) ( en número) ‹ familia› large, big;

    ‹ clase› big;
    la gran parte or mayoría the great majority
    2
    a) ( alto) tall;

    ◊ ¡qué grande está Andrés! isn't Andrés tall!

    b) ( en edad):


    ya son grandes they are all grown up now
    3 (Geog):

    4 ( delante del n)
    a) (notable, excelente) great;


    b) ( poderoso) big;


    a lo grande in style
    5
    a) (en intensidad, grado) ‹pena/honor/ventaja› great;

    ‹ explosión› powerful;
    ◊ ¡me llevé un susto más grande … ! I got such a fright!;

    una temporada de gran éxito a very o a highly successful season;
    son grandes amigos they're great friends;
    eso es una gran verdad that is absolutely true;
    ¡qué mentira más grande! that's a complete lie!
    b) ( elevado):

    ◊ a gran velocidad at high o great speed;

    volar a gran altura to fly at a great height;
    un gran número de personas a large number of people;
    objetos de gran valor objects of great value;
    en grande: lo pasamos en grande we had a great time (colloq)
    ■ sustantivo masculino, femenino
    a) ( mayor):


    b) ( adulto):


    grande adjetivo
    1 (tamaño) big, large
    grandes almacenes, department stores
    2 (cantidad) large
    3 fig (fuerte, intenso) great: es un gran músico, he is a great musician
    ♦ Locuciones: a lo grande, in style
    figurado pasarlo en grande, to have a great time
    ' grande' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abarcar
    - alfombra
    - ampliar
    - ampliación
    - armatoste
    - así
    - bastante
    - bestial
    - bloque
    - buena
    - bueno
    - cabezón
    - cabezona
    - cabezudo
    - cajón
    - calabacín
    - campeonato
    - cantidad
    - canto
    - ciudad
    - colosal
    - consideración
    - fenomenal
    - formidable
    - gran
    - hermosa
    - hermoso
    - incalculable
    - ingeniosa
    - ingenioso
    - mía
    - mío
    - monstruosa
    - monstruoso
    - monumental
    - nuestra
    - nuestro
    - pila
    - puerta
    - quedar
    - señor
    - suficientemente
    - suma
    - sumo
    - terraza
    - tirada
    - tremenda
    - tremendo
    - venir
    - bailar
    English:
    abnormally
    - above
    - ample
    - army
    - awful
    - bag
    - baggy
    - bay
    - big
    - boat
    - border
    - box
    - breaker
    - brush
    - bulk
    - carve
    - cauldron
    - cushion
    - deposit
    - enough
    - extend
    - grand
    - great
    - grow
    - hers
    - in
    - integrate
    - large
    - lion
    - manufacturer
    - marrow
    - mighty
    - mine
    - outrank
    - overgrown
    - paving stone
    - place
    - roller
    - set on
    - set upon
    - slight
    - spanking
    - style
    - tablespoonful
    - tea urn
    - temptation
    - terrific
    - time
    - to
    - tub
    * * *
    grande gran is used instead of grande before singular nouns (e.g. gran hombre great man).
    ♦ adj
    1. [de tamaño] big, large;
    este traje me está o [m5] me queda grande this suit is too big for me;
    el gran Buenos Aires/Santiago greater Buenos Aires/Santiago, the metropolitan area of Buenos Aires/Santiago;
    Fig
    el cargo le viene grande he's not up to the job;
    Fam
    pagó con un billete de los grandes he paid with a large note
    grandes almacenes department store; Fot gran angular wide-angle lens;
    la Gran Barrera de Coral the Great Barrier Reef;
    Gran Bretaña Great Britain;
    gran danés Great Dane;
    Hist la Gran Depresión the Great Depression;
    gran ducado grand duchy;
    la Gran Explosión the Big Bang;
    la Gran Guerra the Great War;
    los Grandes Lagos the Great Lakes;
    gran maestro [en ajedrez] grand master;
    Hist Gran Mogol Mogul;
    la Gran Muralla (China) the Great Wall (of China);
    Dep Gran Premio Grand Prix; Hist el Gran Salto Adelante the Great Leap Forward;
    gran slam [en tenis] grand slam;
    Esp Com gran superficie hypermarket
    2. [de altura] tall;
    ¡qué grande está tu hermano! your brother's really grown!
    3. [en importancia] great;
    una gran mujer a great woman;
    los grandes bancos the major banks;
    la gran mayoría está a favor del proyecto the great o overwhelming majority are in favour of the project;
    el éxito se debe en gran parte a su esfuerzo the success is largely due to her efforts, the success is in no small measure due to her efforts
    4. [en intensidad] great;
    es un gran mentiroso he's a real liar;
    ¡qué alegría más grande! what joy!
    5. Fam [adulto]
    cuando sea grande quiere ser doctora she wants to be a doctor when she grows up;
    me dijeron que todavía no soy grande como para salir solo they told me I'm not big enough to go out on my own yet
    6. Méx, RP [de edad]
    cuando se casó ya era grande she was already quite old when she got married;
    siempre se llevó bien con gente más grande he always got on well with older people
    7. RP Fam [fantástico] fantastic, Br brilliant
    8. RP Irónico [genial] great;
    ayer le hice un favor y hoy me vuelve la espalda, ¡grande! great! I did him a favour and now he doesn't want to know!
    9. Comp
    Fam
    hacer algo a lo grande to do sth in a big way o in style;
    vivir a lo grande to live in style;
    pasarlo en grande to have a great time
    ♦ nm
    1. [noble] grandee
    Grande de España = one of highest-ranking members of Spanish nobility
    2. [persona, entidad importante]
    uno de los grandes del sector one of the major players in the sector;
    los tres grandes de la liga the big three in the league;
    uno de los grandes de la literatura mexicana one of the big names in Mexican literature
    3. Fam
    grandes [adultos] grown-ups
    ♦ nf
    RP [en lotería] first prize, jackpot;
    sacarse la grande [en lotería] to win first prize o the jackpot;
    se sacó la grande con ese trabajo [tuvo buena suerte] she hit the jackpot with that job;
    con esa nuera que tiene le tocó la grande [tuvo mala suerte] you've got to feel sorry for her having a daughter-in-law like that
    ♦ interj
    RP Fam [fantástico] great!
    * * *
    I adj
    1 big, large;
    me viene grande the jacket is too big for me;
    el cargo le viene grande the job is too much for him
    2
    :
    a lo grande in style;
    pasarlo en grande have a great time
    II m/f
    1 L.Am. ( adulto) grown-up, adult;
    grandes y pequeños young and old
    2 ( mayor) eldest
    * * *
    1) : large, big
    un libro grande: a big book
    2) alto: tall
    3) notable: great
    un gran autor: a great writer
    con gran placer: with great pleasure
    5) : old, grown-up
    hijos grandes: grown children
    * * *
    grande adj
    1. (tamaño) big [comp. bigger; superl. biggest]
    ¿es muy grande el jardín? is the garden very big?
    2. (número, cantidad) large
    3. (importante) great

    Spanish-English dictionary > grande

  • 5 viel

    I Adj. a lot of, lots of umg.; viele many; nicht viel not much; nicht viele not many; sehr viel a great deal (of); sehr viele very many, a lot ( oder lots umg) (of), a great many; noch einmal so viel as much again; ziemlich viel(e) quite a lot (of); viel verdienen earn a lot of money; viele sind dafür etc. many people are in favo(u)r of it etc.; einer zu viel one too many; einer unter vielen one among(st) many; ein bisschen viel a bit ( oder little) (too) much; siehe auch bisschen II; viel zu viel far too much; das viele Geld all that money; in vielem in many ways; viel Erfreuliches etc. lots of nice things etc.; das letzte Jahr hat nicht viel Erfreuliches gebracht the past year hasn’t brought much joy; um vieles besser far ( oder much) better; das will viel / nicht viel heißen that’s saying a lot / that’s not saying much; Dank, Glück 1, so I 8; Spaß 2 etc.
    II Adv.
    1. a lot, lots umg.; viel reisen / krank sein etc. travel / be ill etc. a lot; die Straße wird viel befahren the road is used a lot, a lot of traffic uses the road; viel besser much better; was gibt es da noch viel zu bereden? what is there to discuss?, I thought we’d settled things; was soll ich dir noch viel erzählen? there’s no point in my going into (any great) detail about it
    2. mit P.P.: viel beachtet well regarded; viel befahren very busy; eine viel befahrene Straße auch a road with heavy traffic; viel begehrt Künstler, Junggeselle etc.: much ( oder highly) sought-after; viel benutzt well-used; viel beschäftigt very busy; viel besucht much-frequented; viel besungen lit. oder hum. präd. frequently celebrated in song, attr. auch oft-sung lit.; viel bewundert much-admired; viel diskutiert much-discussed, widely discussed; viel gebraucht much-used; viel gefragt very popular; viel gefragt sein auch be in great demand; viel gehasst much-hated; viel gekauft frequently bought; viel gelesen much-read; viel geliebt much-loved; viel gelobt much-praised; viel genannt often-mentioned, lit. oft-mentioned; Buch: much-cited, oft-cited; (berühmt) noted, distinguished; viel gepriesen much-praised; viel geprüft sorely tried; viel gereist widely- ( oder much-)travel(l)ed; er ist ein viel gereister Mann he’s done a lot of travel(l)ing (in his time); viel gerühmt much-praised; viel geschmäht oder gescholten much-maligned, much-reviled; viel kritisiert much-criticized; viel umjubelt highly acclaimed; viel umstritten highly controversial; viel umworben much sought-after; viel zitiert much-cited, oft-cited
    3. mit Part. Präs.: viel sagend Blick: meaningful; sie sah mich viel sagend an she gave me a meaningful look; viel sagend schweigen fall into a meaningful silence; viel verheißend oder viel versprechend (very) promising
    * * *
    a great deal (Adv.); much (Adj.); much (Adv.); a lot (Adv.); a lot of (Pron.); lots of (Pron.)
    * * *
    [fiːl]
    indef pron, adj comp mehr
    [meːɐ] superl meiste(r, s) or adv am meisten ['maistə]
    1) sing (adjektivisch) a lot of, a great deal of; (substantivisch) a lot, a great deal; (esp fragend, verneint) much

    víéles — a lot of things

    víél(es), was..., víél(es) von dem, was... — a lot or great deal of what...

    in víélem, in víéler Hinsicht or Beziehung — in many respects

    mit víélem — with a lot of things

    um víéles besser etc — a lot or much or a great deal better etc

    sehr víél (Geld etc) — a lot or a great deal (of money etc)

    nicht sehr víél (Geld etc) — not very much (money etc)

    so víél — so much

    halb/doppelt so víél — half/twice as much

    so víél als or wie... — as much as...

    nimm dir so víél du willst — take as much as you like

    noch einmal so víél — the same again

    das ist so víél wie eine Zusage — that is tantamount to a promise, that amounts to a promise

    so víél für heute! — that's all for today

    so víél, was ihn betrifft — so much for him

    so víél (Arbeit etc) — so much or such a lot (of work etc)

    noch (ein)mal so víél (Zeit etc) — as much (time etc) again

    zweimal so víél (Arbeit etc) — twice as much (work etc)

    gleich víél (Gewinn etc) — the same amount (of profit etc)

    wie víél — how much; (bei Mehrzahl) how many

    (um) wie víél größer — how much bigger

    ziemlich víél (Schmutz etc) — rather a lot (of dirt etc)

    zu víél — too much; (inf

    víél zu víél — much or far too much

    besser zu víél als zu wenig — better too much than too little

    wenns dir zu víél wird, sag Bescheid — say if it gets too much for you

    ihm ist alles zu víél (inf) — it's all too much for him

    da krieg ich zu víél (inf) — I blow my top (inf)

    einer/zwei etc zu víél — one/two etc too many

    einen/ein paar zu víél trinken (inf) — to drink or have (inf) one/a few too many

    was zu víél ist, ist zu víél — that's just too much, there's a limit to everything

    ein bisschen víél (Regen etc) — a bit too much (rain etc)

    furchtbar víél (Regen etc) — an awful lot (of rain etc)

    víél Erfolg! — good luck!, I wish you every success!

    víél Spaß! — have fun!, enjoy yourself/yourselves!

    víél Neues/Schönes etc — a lot of or many new/beautiful etc things

    víél Volk — a lot of people

    das víéle Geld — all that money

    sein víéles Geld — all his money

    das víéle Geld/Lesen etc — all this money/reading etc

    víél zu tun haben — to have a lot to do

    er hält víél von ihm/davon — he thinks a lot or a great deal of him/it

    er hält nicht víél von ihm/davon — he doesn't think much of him/it

    das will víél/nicht víél heißen or sagen — that's saying a lot or a great deal/not saying much

    2)

    víéle pl (adjektivisch) — many, a lot of, a great number of; (substantivisch) many, a lot

    es waren nicht víéle auf der Party — there weren't many (people) or a lot (of people) at the party

    es waren nicht víéle in der Schule — there weren't many (children) or a lot (of children) at school

    da wir so víéle sind — since there are so many or such a lot of us

    davon gibt es nicht víéle — there aren't many or a lot about

    davon gibt es nicht mehr víéle — there aren't many or a lot left

    furchtbar víéle (Kinder/Bewerbungen etc) — a tremendous number or an awful lot (of children/applications etc)

    gleich víéle (Angestellte/Anteile etc) — the same number (of employees/shares etc)

    so/zu víéle (Menschen/Fehler etc) — so/too many (people/mistakes etc)

    er hat víél(e) Sorgen/Probleme etc — he has a lot of worries/problems etc

    víéle hundert or Hundert Menschen — many hundreds of people

    die/seine víélen Fehler etc — the/his many mistakes etc

    die víélen Leute/Bücher! — all these people/books!

    víéle glauben,... — many (people) or a lot of people believe...

    und víéle andere —

    es waren derer or ihrer víéle (liter) — there were many of them

    3) (adverbial: mit vb) a lot, a great deal; (esp fragend, verneint) much

    er arbeitet víél — he works a lot

    er arbeitet nicht víél — he doesn't work much

    er arbeitet zu víél — he works too much

    er arbeitet so víél — he works so much or such a lot

    sie ist víél krank/von zu Hause weg — she's ill/away a lot

    die Straße wird (sehr/nicht) víél befahren — this street is (very/not very) busy

    dieses Thema wird víél diskutiert — this subject is much debated

    sich víél einbilden — to think a lot of oneself

    4) (adverbial: mit adj, adv) much, a lot

    víél größer etc — much or a lot bigger etc

    víél beschäftigt — very busy

    víél diskutiert — much discussed

    víél erörtert — much discussed

    víél gehasst — much-hated

    víél gekauft — frequently bought, much-purchased

    víél geliebt — much-loved

    víél genannt — much-cited, frequently mentioned

    víél geprüft (hum) — sorely tried

    víél gereist — much-travelled (Brit), much-traveled (US)

    víél geschmäht — much-maligned

    víél umworben — much-sought-after; Frau much-courted

    víél verheißend — promising, full of promise; anfangen promisingly

    sich víél verheißend anhören — to sound promising

    nicht víél anders — not very or much or a lot different

    víél zu... — much too...

    víél zu víél — much or far too much

    víél zu víéle — far too many

    ich würde víél lieber auf eine Party gehen — I'd much rather go to a party, I'd much prefer to go to a party

    * * *
    1) (a large quantity or number: What a lot of letters!) a lot
    2) (a (great) amount or quantity of: This job won't take much effort; I found it without much difficulty; How much sugar is there left?; There's far too much salt in my soup; He ate so much ice-cream that he was sick; Take as much money as you need; After much discussion they decided to go.) much
    3) (a large amount; a great deal: He didn't say much about it; Much of this trouble could have been prevented; Did you eat much?; not much; too much; as much as I wanted; How much did you eat?; Only this/that / so much; How much is (= What is the price of) that fish?; Please tidy your room - it isn't much to ask.) much
    4) ((by) a great deal; (by) far: She's much prettier than I am; He isn't much older than you; How much further must we walk?; much more easily; He's much the best person to ask.) much
    5) (to have a good, or bad, opinion of: She thought highly of him and his poetry.) think highly
    6) (to have a good, or bad, opinion of: She thought highly of him and his poetry.) well
    7) (to have a good, or bad, opinion of: She thought highly of him and his poetry.) badly etc of
    * * *
    [fi:l]
    ▪ \vieles a lot, a great deal, much/many
    sie weiß \vieles she knows a lot [or a great deal]
    ich habe meiner Frau \vieles zu verdanken I have to thank my wife for a lot
    \vieles, was du da sagst, trifft zu a lot [or much] of what you say is correct
    in \vielem hast du Recht in many respects you're right
    in \vielem gebe ich Ihnen Recht I agree with you in much of what you say
    mit \vielem, was er vorschlägt, bin ich einverstanden I agree with many of the things he suggests
    mein Mann ist um \vieles jünger als ich my husband is much younger than me
    es ist \vieles neu an diesem Modell this model has many [or a lot of] new features
    schöner ist dieser Lederkoffer natürlich, aber auch um \vieles teurer this leather suitcase is nicer, of course, but a lot more expensive
    sie kam mit \vielem alten Zeug she came with a lot of old stuff
    in \vieler Beziehung in many respects
    \vieles Ermutigende/Faszinierende/Schreckliche much encouragement/fascination/horror
    \vieles Interessante gab es zu sehen there was much of interest [or were many interesting things] to see
    III. adj
    <mehr, meiste>
    1. sing, attr, inv
    \viel Arbeit/Geduld/Geld a lot [or great deal] of work/patience/money
    \viel Erfolg! good luck!, I wish you every success!
    \viel Glück! all the best!, I wish you luck!
    \viel Spaß! enjoy yourself/yourselves!, have fun!
    \viel Vergnügen! enjoy yourself/yourselves!
    2. sing, attr
    ▪ \viele/ \vieler/ \vieles... many/much..., a lot of...
    ihre Augen waren rot von \vielem Weinen her eyes were red from much crying
    \vielen Dank! thank you very much!
    3. sing, attr
    ▪ der/die/das \viele... all this/that
    das \viele Essen über die Weihnachtstage ist mir nicht bekommen all that food over Christmas hasn't done me any good
    der \viele Ärger lässt mich nicht mehr schlafen I can't get to sleep with all this trouble
    ▪ sein \vieler/sein \vieles/seine \viele... all one's...
    4. sing, allein stehend, inv a lot, a great deal, much/many
    ich habe zu \viel zu tun I have too much to do
    sechs Kinder sind heute \viel six children today are many [or a lot]
    das ist sehr/unendlich \viel that's a huge/an endless amount/number
    viel wurde getan a lot [or a great deal] [or much] was done
    ihr Blick sagte \viel her look spoke volumes
    sie hat \viel von ihrem Mutter she has a lot of her mother
    das ist ein bisschen \viel [auf einmal]! that's a little too much [all at once]!
    nicht/recht \viel not much [or a lot]/quite a lot
    von dem Plan halte ich nicht \viel I don't think much of the plan
    das hat nicht \viel zu bedeuten that doesn't mean much
    er kann nicht \viel vertragen he can't hold his drink
    sie ist nicht \viel über dreißig she's not much over thirty
    was kann dabei schon \viel passieren? (fam) nothing's going to happen!
    \viel verheißend/versprechend highly promising
    was zu \viel ist, ist zu \viel enough is enough
    5. pl, attr
    ▪ \viele... a lot of..., a great number of..., many...
    unglaublich \viele Heuschrecken an unbelievable number of grasshoppers
    ein Geschenk von \vielen hundert Blumen a present of many hundreds of flowers
    und \viele andere and many others
    ▪ die \vielen... the great many [or number of]...
    6. pl, allein stehend
    ▪ \viele many; von Dingen a. a lot
    diese Ansicht wird immer noch von \vielen vertreten this view is still held by many [people]
    es sind noch einige Fehler, aber \viele haben wir verbessert there are still some errors, but we've corrected many [or a lot] [of them]
    \viele deiner Bücher kenne ich schon I know many [or a lot] of your books already
    es waren \viele von ihnen [o (geh) ihrer \viele] da there were many of them there
    einer unter \vielen one among many
    so \viel ist gewiss one thing is for certain
    ebenso \viel equally many/as much
    genauso \viel exactly as many/much
    gleich \viel just as much/many, the same
    gleich \viel Sand/Wasser the same amount of sand/water
    wir haben gleich \viele Dienstjahre we've been working here for the same number of years
    nicht \viel nützen (fam) to be not much use
    wie \viel/ \viele? how much/many?
    8. sing, allein stehend, inv DIAL (fam: nichts)
    ich weiß \viel, was du willst I haven't a clue what you want fam
    IV. adv
    <mehr, am meisten>
    im Sommer halten wir uns \viel im Garten auf we spend a lot of time in the garden in summer
    früher hat sie ihre Mutter immer \viel besucht she always used to visit her mother a lot
    man redet \viel von Frieden there's much [or a lot of] talk about peace
    eine \viel befahrene Straße a [very] busy street
    ein \viel beschäftigter Mann a very busy man
    \viel diskutiert much discussed
    einmal zu \viel once too often
    ein \viel erfahrener Pilot a pilot with a lot of experience
    ein \viel gefragtes Model a model that is in great demand
    \viel gekauft popular
    \viel gelesen widely read
    \viel geliebt much loved
    \viel gepriesen highly acclaimed
    ein \viel gereister Mann a man who has travelled a great deal
    \viel geschmäht much maligned [or abused]
    eine \viel gestellte Frage a question that comes up frequently
    \viel ins Kino/Theater gehen to go to the cinema/theatre frequently [or a lot], to be a regular cinema-goer/theatre-goer
    \viel umstritten highly controversial
    woanders ist es nicht \viel anders als bei uns there's not much [or a lot of] difference between where we live and somewhere else
    ich weiß \viel mehr, als du denkst I know far [or much] [or a lot] more than you think
    \viel kürzer/schwerer/weiter far [or much] [or a lot] shorter/heavier/more distant
    \viel zu groß/lang/teuer far [or much] too big/long/expensive
    \viel zu viel far [or much] too much
    * * *
    1.
    Indefinitpronomen und unbestimmtes Zahlwort
    1) Sg. a great deal of; a lot of (coll.)

    so/wie/nicht/zu viel — that/how/not/too much

    viel[es] — (viele Dinge, vielerlei) much

    viel sagend — (fig.) meaningful

    viel versprechend — [very] promising

    2) Plural many

    gleich viel[e] — the same number of

    wie viel[e] — how many

    zu viel[e] — too many

    2.
    1) (oft, lange) a great deal; a lot (coll.)
    2) (wesentlich) much; a great deal; a lot (coll.)

    viel mehr/weniger — much more/less

    viel zu viel — far or much to much

    * * *
    A. adj a lot of, lots of umg;
    viele many;
    nicht viel not much;
    nicht viele not many;
    sehr viel a great deal (of);
    sehr viele very many, a lot ( oder lots umg) (of), a great many;
    noch einmal so viel as much again;
    ziemlich viel(e) quite a lot (of);
    viel verdienen earn a lot of money;
    viele sind dafür etc many people are in favo(u)r of it etc;
    einer zu viel one too many;
    einer unter vielen one among(st) many;
    ein bisschen viel a bit ( oder little) (too) much; → auch bisschen B;
    viel zu viel far too much;
    das viele Geld all that money;
    in vielem in many ways;
    viel Erfreuliches etc lots of nice things etc;
    das letzte Jahr hat nicht viel Erfreuliches gebracht the past year hasn’t brought much joy;
    um vieles besser far ( oder much) better;
    das will viel/nicht viel heißen that’s saying a lot/that’s not saying much; → Dank, Glück 1, so A 8; Spaß 2 etc
    B. adv
    1. a lot, lots umg;
    viel reisen/krank sein etc travel/be ill etc a lot;
    die Straße wird viel befahren the road is used a lot, a lot of traffic uses the road;
    viel besser much better;
    was gibt es da noch viel zu bereden? what is there to discuss?, I thought we’d settled things;
    was soll ich dir noch viel erzählen? there’s no point in my going into (any great) detail about it
    2. mit pperf:
    viel beachtet well regarded;
    viel befahren very busy;
    eine viel befahrene Straße auch a road with heavy traffic;
    viel begehrt Künstler, Junggeselle etc: much ( oder highly) sought-after;
    viel benutzt well-used;
    viel beschäftigt very busy;
    viel besucht much-frequented;
    viel besungen liter oder hum präd frequently celebrated in song, attr auch oft-sung liter;
    viel bewundert much-admired;
    viel diskutiert much-discussed, widely discussed;
    viel gebraucht much-used;
    viel gefragt very popular;
    viel gefragt sein auch be in great demand;
    viel gehasst much-hated;
    viel gekauft frequently bought;
    viel gelesen much-read;
    viel geliebt much-loved;
    viel gelobt much-praised;
    viel genannt often-mentioned, liter oft-mentioned; Buch: much-cited, oft-cited; (berühmt) noted, distinguished;
    viel gepriesen much-praised;
    viel geprüft sorely tried;
    viel gereist widely- ( oder much-)travel(l)ed;
    er ist ein viel gereister Mann he’s done a lot of travel(l)ing (in his time);
    viel gerühmt much-praised;
    gescholten much-maligned, much-reviled;
    viel kritisiert much-criticized;
    viel umjubelt highly acclaimed;
    viel umstritten highly controversial;
    viel umworben much sought-after;
    viel zitiert much-cited, oft-cited
    3. mit ppr:
    viel versprechend (very) promising
    * * *
    1.
    Indefinitpronomen und unbestimmtes Zahlwort
    1) Sg. a great deal of; a lot of (coll.)

    so/wie/nicht/zu viel — that/how/not/too much

    viel[es] — (viele Dinge, vielerlei) much

    viel sagend — (fig.) meaningful

    viel versprechend — [very] promising

    2) Plural many

    gleich viel[e] — the same number of

    wie viel[e] — how many

    zu viel[e] — too many

    2.
    1) (oft, lange) a great deal; a lot (coll.)
    2) (wesentlich) much; a great deal; a lot (coll.)

    viel mehr/weniger — much more/less

    viel zu viel — far or much to much

    * * *
    (wenig) zu wünschen übriglassen ausdr.
    to leave much (little)
    to be desired expr. adj.
    many adj.
    much adj.
    much n.
    umpteen adj.
    various adj.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > viel

  • 6 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 7 encontrar

    v.
    1 to find.
    lo encontré durmiendo I found him sleeping
    Ella encuentra monedas en la calle She finds coins in the street.
    Ella encontró su destino She found her destiny.
    2 to encounter (dificultades).
    3 to find.
    no lo encuentro tan divertido como dice la gente I don't find it o think it is as funny as people say
    no sé qué le encuentran a ese pintor I don't know what they see in that painter
    4 to meet, to encounter, to come upon, to find.
    Ella encontró a su media naranja She met her better half.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ CONTAR], like link=contar contar
    1 (gen) to find
    2 (una persona sin buscar) to come across, meet, bump into
    3 (dificultades) to run into, come up against
    4 (creer) to think, find
    5 (notar) to find
    6 (chocar) to collide
    1 (estar) to be
    2 (persona) to meet; (por casualidad) to bump into, run into, meet
    3 (dificultades) to run into
    4 (chocar) to collide
    5 figurado (sentirse) to feel, be
    \
    encontrarse con ganas de hacer algo / encontrarse con fuerzas para hacer algo to feel like doing something
    * * *
    verb
    2) meet
    •
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=hallar buscando) to find

    no encuentro mi nombre en la lista — I can't find o see my name on the list

    2) [por casualidad] [+ objeto, dinero] to find, come across; [+ persona] to meet, run into

    le encontraron un tumor — they found him to have a tumour, he was found to have a tumour

    • encontrar a algn haciendo algo — to find sb doing sth

    3) [+ oposición] to meet with, encounter; [+ problema] to find, encounter, come across

    encontrar dificultades — to encounter difficulties, run into trouble

    4) (=percibir) to see
    5) (=considerar) to find

    ¿encuentras el libro fácil de leer? — do you find the book easy to read?

    ¿cómo encontraste a tus padres después del viaje? — how did you find your parents after the trip?

    ¿qué tal me encuentras? — how do I look?

    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( buscando) <casa/trabajo/persona> to find
    b) ( casualmente) <cartera/billete> to find, come across
    2) ( descubrir) <falta/error> to find, spot; <cáncer/quiste> to find, discover
    3) <obstáculo/dificultad> to meet (with), encounter

    allí encontró la muerte — (period) he met his death there

    4) (+ compl)

    ¿cómo encontraste el país? — how did the country seem to you?

    2.
    1) encontrarse v pron
    2)

    encontrarse con alguien — to meet somebody, bump into somebody (colloq)

    b) (refl) (Psic) tb
    3) (recípr)
    a) ( reunirse) to meet; ( por casualidad) to meet, bump into each other (colloq)
    b) carreteras/líneas to meet
    4) (enf) ( inesperadamente) < persona> to meet, bump into (colloq); <billete/cartera> to find, come across
    5) (frml) ( estar) to be
    * * *
    = dig up, encounter, find, locate, spot, trace, track, turn up, find + Posesivo + way to, disinter, ferret out, root out, lay + hands on, come by, track down, bump into.
    Ex. The list of changed headings is almost literally endless if you have the patience to dig them all up.
    Ex. This simple observation also goes some of the way towards explaining the variety of tools, methods and systems which are encountered in the organisation knowledge.
    Ex. Wherever abstracts are found they are included to save the user's time in information gathering and selection.
    Ex. This order suffices for a list whose purpose is to identify and locate documents, whose bibliographic details are already known.
    Ex. When all necessary amendments have been spotted, edit the draft abstract and make any improvements to the style that are possible.
    Ex. The author approach remains an important means of tracing a specific document.
    Ex. The index fields are used for tracking annual indexes.
    Ex. Although I have not done a complete analytical search of library literature for discussions of the structures of catalogs, preliminary searches have turned up little except for historical discussions.
    Ex. He found his way quickly and easily to the materials he needed.
    Ex. Tests such as this one will often disinter the real citation intended but it is a time consuming task.
    Ex. As a rule analysts are left on their own to ferret out useful and appropriate areas to be investigated.
    Ex. The article has the title ' Rooting out journals on the Net'.
    Ex. It is, therefore, expedient to look into history to lay hands on the root of the problem.
    Ex. This article shows how teachers came by such information and the use they made it of in their work.
    Ex. In stepping away from the genre's glamorous robberies and flashy lifestyle, this stealthy, potent movie tracks down the British gangster icon to its inevitable end.
    Ex. Slake is such a dreamer that he bumps into lampposts.
    ----
    * buscar y encontrar = match.
    * difícil de encontrar = hard-to-find.
    * dificultad + encontrarse = difficulty + lie.
    * el que lo encuentre se lo queda = finders keepers.
    * encontrar aceptación = find + favour, find + acceptance, find + a home.
    * encontrar + Adjetivo + de + Infinitivo = find it + Adjetivo + to + Infinitivo.
    * encontrar afinidades = find + common ground.
    * encontrar Algo demasiado difícil = be out of + Posesivo + league.
    * encontrar Algo difícil = have + a hard time, have + a tough time.
    * encontrar alojamiento = find + a home.
    * encontrar aplicación práctica = find + application.
    * encontrar casa = find + a home.
    * encontrar confortable = find + comfortable.
    * encontrar cosas comunes = find + common ground.
    * encontrar defectos = fault.
    * encontrar defectos en = find + fault with, see + faults in.
    * encontrar difícil de explicar = be hard put to explain.
    * encontrar difícil + Infinitivo = find it hard to + Infinitivo.
    * encontrar dificultades = encounter + difficulties, encounter + limitations.
    * encontrar eco en = find + echo in.
    * encontrar el camino = wayfinding, wind + Posesivo + way.
    * encontrar el camino de vuelta = find + Posesivo + way back.
    * encontrar el dinero = come up with + the money.
    * encontrar el equilibrio = strike + the right note.
    * encontrar el modo de = find + way of/to.
    * encontrar el modo de paliar un problema = find + way (a)round + problem.
    * encontrar el modo de regresar = find + Posesivo + way back.
    * encontrar el punto medio = strike + the right note.
    * encontrar el tiempo = make + an opportunity.
    * encontrar en abundancia = find + in abundance.
    * encontrar evidencias = find + evidence.
    * encontrar expresión = find + expression.
    * encontrar información = dredge up + information.
    * encontrar justificación = build + a case for.
    * encontrar la forma de = devise + ways.
    * encontrar la horma de + Posesivo + zapato = meet + Posesivo + match.
    * encontrar la realización de Uno = be + Posesivo + big scene.
    * encontrar la salida a = find + a/the way out of.
    * encontrarle defectos a todo = nitpick.
    * encontrarle el truco a Algo = have + a handle on, get + a handle on.
    * encontrarle el truquillo a Algo = have + a handle on, get + a handle on.
    * encontrarle faltas a todo = nitpick.
    * encontrar limitaciones = encounter + limitations.
    * encontrar muy difícil = be hard-pushed to.
    * encontrar oposición = meet with + opposition, find + opposition.
    * encontrar placer = find + delight, find + enjoyment.
    * encontrar por casualidad = come across, chance on/upon, stumble on.
    * encontrar pruebas = find + evidence.
    * encontrarse = occur, be positioned, reside, stand on, come upon, be poised, meet up, find + Reflexivo.
    * encontrarse a gusto = be at ease.
    * encontrarse ante un reto = in the face of + challenge.
    * encontrarse cara a cara = come + face to face.
    * encontrarse con = meet, run into, cross + Posesivo + path.
    * encontrarse con dificultades = run up against + difficulties.
    * encontrarse confortable = be at ease.
    * encontrarse con problemas = run into + trouble.
    * encontrarse con sorpresas = encounter + surprises.
    * encontrarse con una barrera = face + barrier.
    * encontrarse con una limitación = face + limitation.
    * encontrarse con una situación = come across + situation, meet + situation.
    * encontrarse con una sorpresa desagradable = rude awakening + be in store, be in for a rude awakening.
    * encontrarse con una traba = face + limitation, face + barrier.
    * encontrarse con un obstáculo = face + obstacle.
    * encontrarse con un problema = encounter + problem, meet with + problem, run up against + issue, come across + problem.
    * encontrarse en = lie (in), be based at.
    * encontrarse en casa = be in.
    * encontrarse en dificultades = find + Reflexivo + in difficulties.
    * encontrarse en el trasfondo de = lie at + the root of.
    * encontrarse en una mejor situación económica = be economically better off.
    * encontrarse en un dilema = be caught in a conundrum.
    * encontrarse en un impás = face + impasse.
    * encontrarse en ventaja = find + Reflexivo + at an advantage.
    * encontrarse fuera de lugar = be out of + Posesivo + element, be out of place.
    * encontrar simpatizadores = find + friends.
    * encontrar suerte = be in for a good thing, come in for + a good thing, be into a good thing.
    * encontrar su propio modo de actuar = find + Posesivo + own way.
    * encontrar su sitio = find + a home.
    * encontrar tiempo = find + time.
    * encontrar trabajo = find + a job.
    * encontrar trabajo en una biblioteca = join + library.
    * encontrar una salida a = find + a/the way out of.
    * encontrar una solución = find + solution, develop + solution.
    * encontrar un chollo = come in for + a good thing, be in for a good thing, be into a good thing.
    * encontrar un equilibrio = find + a balance.
    * encontrar un hueco = find + a home.
    * encontrar un término medio entre... y = tread + a middle path between... and.
    * intentar encontrar un término medio entre... y... = tread + a delicate line between... and.
    * no encontrar nada + Adjetivo = find far from + Adjetivo.
    * no encontrar palabras = be at a loss for words, be lost for words.
    * orígenes + encontrarse = origins + lie.
    * problema + encontrarse = problem + lie.
    * respuesta + encontrar = answer + lie.
    * ser difícil de encontrar = be hard to find.
    * solución + encontrarse en = solution + lie in.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( buscando) <casa/trabajo/persona> to find
    b) ( casualmente) <cartera/billete> to find, come across
    2) ( descubrir) <falta/error> to find, spot; <cáncer/quiste> to find, discover
    3) <obstáculo/dificultad> to meet (with), encounter

    allí encontró la muerte — (period) he met his death there

    4) (+ compl)

    ¿cómo encontraste el país? — how did the country seem to you?

    2.
    1) encontrarse v pron
    2)

    encontrarse con alguien — to meet somebody, bump into somebody (colloq)

    b) (refl) (Psic) tb
    3) (recípr)
    a) ( reunirse) to meet; ( por casualidad) to meet, bump into each other (colloq)
    b) carreteras/líneas to meet
    4) (enf) ( inesperadamente) < persona> to meet, bump into (colloq); <billete/cartera> to find, come across
    5) (frml) ( estar) to be
    * * *
    = dig up, encounter, find, locate, spot, trace, track, turn up, find + Posesivo + way to, disinter, ferret out, root out, lay + hands on, come by, track down, bump into.

    Ex: The list of changed headings is almost literally endless if you have the patience to dig them all up.

    Ex: This simple observation also goes some of the way towards explaining the variety of tools, methods and systems which are encountered in the organisation knowledge.
    Ex: Wherever abstracts are found they are included to save the user's time in information gathering and selection.
    Ex: This order suffices for a list whose purpose is to identify and locate documents, whose bibliographic details are already known.
    Ex: When all necessary amendments have been spotted, edit the draft abstract and make any improvements to the style that are possible.
    Ex: The author approach remains an important means of tracing a specific document.
    Ex: The index fields are used for tracking annual indexes.
    Ex: Although I have not done a complete analytical search of library literature for discussions of the structures of catalogs, preliminary searches have turned up little except for historical discussions.
    Ex: He found his way quickly and easily to the materials he needed.
    Ex: Tests such as this one will often disinter the real citation intended but it is a time consuming task.
    Ex: As a rule analysts are left on their own to ferret out useful and appropriate areas to be investigated.
    Ex: The article has the title ' Rooting out journals on the Net'.
    Ex: It is, therefore, expedient to look into history to lay hands on the root of the problem.
    Ex: This article shows how teachers came by such information and the use they made it of in their work.
    Ex: In stepping away from the genre's glamorous robberies and flashy lifestyle, this stealthy, potent movie tracks down the British gangster icon to its inevitable end.
    Ex: Slake is such a dreamer that he bumps into lampposts.
    * buscar y encontrar = match.
    * difícil de encontrar = hard-to-find.
    * dificultad + encontrarse = difficulty + lie.
    * el que lo encuentre se lo queda = finders keepers.
    * encontrar aceptación = find + favour, find + acceptance, find + a home.
    * encontrar + Adjetivo + de + Infinitivo = find it + Adjetivo + to + Infinitivo.
    * encontrar afinidades = find + common ground.
    * encontrar Algo demasiado difícil = be out of + Posesivo + league.
    * encontrar Algo difícil = have + a hard time, have + a tough time.
    * encontrar alojamiento = find + a home.
    * encontrar aplicación práctica = find + application.
    * encontrar casa = find + a home.
    * encontrar confortable = find + comfortable.
    * encontrar cosas comunes = find + common ground.
    * encontrar defectos = fault.
    * encontrar defectos en = find + fault with, see + faults in.
    * encontrar difícil de explicar = be hard put to explain.
    * encontrar difícil + Infinitivo = find it hard to + Infinitivo.
    * encontrar dificultades = encounter + difficulties, encounter + limitations.
    * encontrar eco en = find + echo in.
    * encontrar el camino = wayfinding, wind + Posesivo + way.
    * encontrar el camino de vuelta = find + Posesivo + way back.
    * encontrar el dinero = come up with + the money.
    * encontrar el equilibrio = strike + the right note.
    * encontrar el modo de = find + way of/to.
    * encontrar el modo de paliar un problema = find + way (a)round + problem.
    * encontrar el modo de regresar = find + Posesivo + way back.
    * encontrar el punto medio = strike + the right note.
    * encontrar el tiempo = make + an opportunity.
    * encontrar en abundancia = find + in abundance.
    * encontrar evidencias = find + evidence.
    * encontrar expresión = find + expression.
    * encontrar información = dredge up + information.
    * encontrar justificación = build + a case for.
    * encontrar la forma de = devise + ways.
    * encontrar la horma de + Posesivo + zapato = meet + Posesivo + match.
    * encontrar la realización de Uno = be + Posesivo + big scene.
    * encontrar la salida a = find + a/the way out of.
    * encontrarle defectos a todo = nitpick.
    * encontrarle el truco a Algo = have + a handle on, get + a handle on.
    * encontrarle el truquillo a Algo = have + a handle on, get + a handle on.
    * encontrarle faltas a todo = nitpick.
    * encontrar limitaciones = encounter + limitations.
    * encontrar muy difícil = be hard-pushed to.
    * encontrar oposición = meet with + opposition, find + opposition.
    * encontrar placer = find + delight, find + enjoyment.
    * encontrar por casualidad = come across, chance on/upon, stumble on.
    * encontrar pruebas = find + evidence.
    * encontrarse = occur, be positioned, reside, stand on, come upon, be poised, meet up, find + Reflexivo.
    * encontrarse a gusto = be at ease.
    * encontrarse ante un reto = in the face of + challenge.
    * encontrarse cara a cara = come + face to face.
    * encontrarse con = meet, run into, cross + Posesivo + path.
    * encontrarse con dificultades = run up against + difficulties.
    * encontrarse confortable = be at ease.
    * encontrarse con problemas = run into + trouble.
    * encontrarse con sorpresas = encounter + surprises.
    * encontrarse con una barrera = face + barrier.
    * encontrarse con una limitación = face + limitation.
    * encontrarse con una situación = come across + situation, meet + situation.
    * encontrarse con una sorpresa desagradable = rude awakening + be in store, be in for a rude awakening.
    * encontrarse con una traba = face + limitation, face + barrier.
    * encontrarse con un obstáculo = face + obstacle.
    * encontrarse con un problema = encounter + problem, meet with + problem, run up against + issue, come across + problem.
    * encontrarse en = lie (in), be based at.
    * encontrarse en casa = be in.
    * encontrarse en dificultades = find + Reflexivo + in difficulties.
    * encontrarse en el trasfondo de = lie at + the root of.
    * encontrarse en una mejor situación económica = be economically better off.
    * encontrarse en un dilema = be caught in a conundrum.
    * encontrarse en un impás = face + impasse.
    * encontrarse en ventaja = find + Reflexivo + at an advantage.
    * encontrarse fuera de lugar = be out of + Posesivo + element, be out of place.
    * encontrar simpatizadores = find + friends.
    * encontrar suerte = be in for a good thing, come in for + a good thing, be into a good thing.
    * encontrar su propio modo de actuar = find + Posesivo + own way.
    * encontrar su sitio = find + a home.
    * encontrar tiempo = find + time.
    * encontrar trabajo = find + a job.
    * encontrar trabajo en una biblioteca = join + library.
    * encontrar una salida a = find + a/the way out of.
    * encontrar una solución = find + solution, develop + solution.
    * encontrar un chollo = come in for + a good thing, be in for a good thing, be into a good thing.
    * encontrar un equilibrio = find + a balance.
    * encontrar un hueco = find + a home.
    * encontrar un término medio entre... y = tread + a middle path between... and.
    * intentar encontrar un término medio entre... y... = tread + a delicate line between... and.
    * no encontrar nada + Adjetivo = find far from + Adjetivo.
    * no encontrar palabras = be at a loss for words, be lost for words.
    * orígenes + encontrarse = origins + lie.
    * problema + encontrarse = problem + lie.
    * respuesta + encontrar = answer + lie.
    * ser difícil de encontrar = be hard to find.
    * solución + encontrarse en = solution + lie in.

    * * *
    vt
    A
    1 (buscando) ‹casa/trabajo/persona› to find
    por fin encontró el vestido que quería she finally found the dress she wanted
    no encuentro mi nombre en la lista I can't see o find my name on the list
    ¿dónde puedo encontrar al director? where can I find the manager?
    no encontré entradas para el teatro I couldn't get tickets for the theater
    yo a esto no le encuentro lógica I can't see the logic in this
    lo encontré llorando I found him crying
    2 (casualmente) ‹cartera/billete› to find, come across, come upon o on
    lo encontré (de casualidad) I found it o came across it o came on o upon it (by chance)
    B (descubrir) ‹falta/error› to find, spot; ‹cáncer/quiste› to find, discover
    le encontraron un tumor they found o discovered that he had a tumor
    C ‹obstáculo/dificultad› to meet with, meet, encounter
    no encontró ninguna oposición a su plan his plan didn't meet with o come up against o encounter any opposition
    el accidente donde encontró la muerte ( period); the accident in which he met his death
    Sentido II (+ compl):
    te encuentro muy cambiado you've changed a lot, you look very different
    ¡qué bien te encuentro! you look so well!
    encuentro ridículo todo este protocolo I find all this formality ridiculous, all this formality seems ridiculous to me
    ¿cómo encontraste el país después de tantos años? what did you make of the country o how did the country seem to you after all these years?
    encontré muy acertadas sus intervenciones I found his comments very relevant, I thought his comments were very relevant
    la encuentro muy desmejorada she seems a lot worse
    lo encuentro muy aburrido I find him very boring, I think he is very boring
    encontré la puerta cerrada I found the door shut
    A
    1 (por casualidad) encontrarse CON algn to meet sb, bump o run INTO sb ( colloq)
    2 ( refl) ( Psic) tb
    encontrarse a sí mismo to find oneself
    B ( recípr)
    1 (reunirse) to meet; (por casualidad) to meet, bump o run into each other ( colloq)
    hemos quedado en encontrarnos en la estación we've arranged to meet at the station
    2 «carreteras/líneas» to meet
    C ( enf) (inesperadamente) ‹persona› to meet, bump o run into ( colloq); ‹billete/cartera› to find, come across, come on
    cuando volvió se encontró la casa patas arriba when he returned he found the house in a mess
    encontrarse CON algo:
    cuando volví me encontré con que todos se habían ido I got back to find that they had all gone, when I got back I found they had all gone
    A (en un estado, una situación) to be
    hoy me encuentro mucho mejor I am feeling a lot better today
    el enfermo se encuentra fuera de peligro the patient is out of danger
    la oficina se encontraba vacía the office was empty
    no se encuentra con fuerzas para continuar he doesn't have the strength to go on
    el jefe se encuentra en una reunión the boss is in a meeting
    la catedral se encuentra en el centro de la ciudad the cathedral is situated in the city center
    entre las obras expuestas se encuentra su famosa Última Cena among the works on display is his famous Last Supper
    en este momento el doctor no se encuentra the doctor is not here o is not in at the moment
    * * *

     

    encontrar ( conjugate encontrar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ( buscando) ‹casa/trabajo/persona› to find;


    no le encuentro lógica I can't see the logic in it
    b) ( casualmente) ‹cartera/billete› to find, come across

    c) ( descubrir) ‹falta/error› to find, spot;

    ‹cáncer/quiste› to find, discover
    d) ‹obstáculo/dificultad› to meet (with), encounter

    2 (+ compl):

    lo encuentro ridículo I find it ridiculous;
    ¿cómo encontraste el país? how did the country seem to you?
    encontrarse verbo pronominal
    1 ( por casualidad) encontrarse con algn to meet sb, bump into sb (colloq)
    2 ( recípr)

    ( por casualidad) to meet, bump into each other (colloq)
    b) [carreteras/líneas] to meet

    3 ( enf) ( inesperadamente) ‹billete/cartera› to find, come across;

    4 (frml) ( estar) to be;

    el hotel se encuentra cerca de la estación the hotel is (located) near the station
    encontrar verbo transitivo
    1 (algo/alguien buscado) to find: no encuentro el momento adecuado para decírselo, I can't find the right time to tell him
    2 (tropezar) to meet: encontré a Luisa en el cine, I met Luisa at the cinema
    encontrarás serias dificultades, you'll come up against serious difficulties
    3 (considerar, parecer) lo encuentro de mal gusto, I find it in bad taste
    ' encontrar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acertar
    - aparecer
    - aterrizar
    - atinar
    - colocarse
    - desconocer
    - discografía
    - fórmula
    - hallar
    - horma
    - mariposear
    - parte
    - buscar
    - dar
    - encuentra
    - esquivo
    - solución
    - ver
    English:
    bear
    - difficulty
    - dig around
    - discover
    - find
    - fit in
    - flesh
    - forgetful
    - get
    - grade
    - housekeeper
    - intensify
    - intimate
    - locate
    - lodging
    - loophole
    - pent-up
    - replacement
    - scrabble
    - speed up
    - store up
    - strike
    - traceable
    - trail
    - try
    - be
    - come
    - encounter
    - explain
    - fumble
    - high
    - meet
    - run
    - seek
    - solve
    - spot
    - stumble
    - time
    - word
    - work
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [buscando, por casualidad] to find;
    he encontrado el paraguas I've found my umbrella;
    encontré el libro que buscaba I found the book I was looking for;
    le han encontrado un cáncer they've diagnosed her as having cancer;
    encontré la mesa puesta I found the table already set;
    lo encontré durmiendo I found him sleeping;
    no encuentro palabras para expresar mi gratitud I can't find the words to express my gratitude;
    CSur Fam
    encontrar la vuelta a algo to get to grips with sth
    2. [dificultades] to encounter;
    no encontraron ninguna oposición al proyecto they encountered no opposition to the project
    3. [juzgar, considerar] to find;
    encontré muy positivos tus comentarios I found your comments very positive;
    encuentro infantil tu actitud I find your attitude childish;
    encuentro la ciudad/a tu hermana muy cambiada the city/your sister has changed a lot, I find the city/your sister much changed;
    no lo encuentro tan divertido como dice la gente I don't find it o think it is as funny as people say;
    no sé qué le encuentran a ese pintor I don't know what they see in that painter
    * * *
    v/t find
    * * *
    encontrar {19} vt
    1) hallar: to find
    2) : to encounter, to meet
    * * *
    encontrar vb to find [pt. & pp. found]
    ¿has encontrado las llaves? have you found your keys?

    Spanish-English dictionary > encontrar

  • 8 World War II

    (1939-1945)
       In the European phase of the war, neutral Portugal contributed more to the Allied victory than historians have acknowledged. Portugal experienced severe pressures to compromise her neutrality from both the Axis and Allied powers and, on several occasions, there were efforts to force Portugal to enter the war as a belligerent. Several factors lent Portugal importance as a neutral. This was especially the case during the period from the fall of France in June 1940 to the Allied invasion and reconquest of France from June to August 1944.
       In four respects, Portugal became briefly a modest strategic asset for the Allies and a war materiel supplier for both sides: the country's location in the southwesternmost corner of the largely German-occupied European continent; being a transport and communication terminus, observation post for spies, and crossroads between Europe, the Atlantic, the Americas, and Africa; Portugal's strategically located Atlantic islands, the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde archipelagos; and having important mines of wolfram or tungsten ore, crucial for the war industry for hardening steel.
       To maintain strict neutrality, the Estado Novo regime dominated by Antônio de Oliveira Salazar performed a delicate balancing act. Lisbon attempted to please and cater to the interests of both sets of belligerents, but only to the extent that the concessions granted would not threaten Portugal's security or its status as a neutral. On at least two occasions, Portugal's neutrality status was threatened. First, Germany briefly considered invading Portugal and Spain during 1940-41. A second occasion came in 1943 and 1944 as Great Britain, backed by the United States, pressured Portugal to grant war-related concessions that threatened Portugal's status of strict neutrality and would possibly bring Portugal into the war on the Allied side. Nazi Germany's plan ("Operation Felix") to invade the Iberian Peninsula from late 1940 into 1941 was never executed, but the Allies occupied and used several air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands.
       The second major crisis for Portugal's neutrality came with increasing Allied pressures for concessions from the summer of 1943 to the summer of 1944. Led by Britain, Portugal's oldest ally, Portugal was pressured to grant access to air and naval bases in the Azores Islands. Such bases were necessary to assist the Allies in winning the Battle of the Atlantic, the naval war in which German U-boats continued to destroy Allied shipping. In October 1943, following tedious negotiations, British forces began to operate such bases and, in November 1944, American forces were allowed to enter the islands. Germany protested and made threats, but there was no German attack.
       Tensions rose again in the spring of 1944, when the Allies demanded that Lisbon cease exporting wolfram to Germany. Salazar grew agitated, considered resigning, and argued that Portugal had made a solemn promise to Germany that wolfram exports would be continued and that Portugal could not break its pledge. The Portuguese ambassador in London concluded that the shipping of wolfram to Germany was "the price of neutrality." Fearing that a still-dangerous Germany could still attack Portugal, Salazar ordered the banning of the mining, sale, and exports of wolfram not only to Germany but to the Allies as of 6 June 1944.
       Portugal did not enter the war as a belligerent, and its forces did not engage in combat, but some Portuguese experienced directly or indirectly the impact of fighting. Off Portugal or near her Atlantic islands, Portuguese naval personnel or commercial fishermen rescued at sea hundreds of victims of U-boat sinkings of Allied shipping in the Atlantic. German U-boats sank four or five Portuguese merchant vessels as well and, in 1944, a U-boat stopped, boarded, searched, and forced the evacuation of a Portuguese ocean liner, the Serpa Pinto, in mid-Atlantic. Filled with refugees, the liner was not sunk but several passengers lost their lives and the U-boat kidnapped two of the ship's passengers, Portuguese Americans of military age, and interned them in a prison camp. As for involvement in a theater of war, hundreds of inhabitants were killed and wounded in remote East Timor, a Portuguese colony near Indonesia, which was invaded, annexed, and ruled by Japanese forces between February 1942 and August 1945. In other incidents, scores of Allied military planes, out of fuel or damaged in air combat, crashed or were forced to land in neutral Portugal. Air personnel who did not survive such crashes were buried in Portuguese cemeteries or in the English Cemetery, Lisbon.
       Portugal's peripheral involvement in largely nonbelligerent aspects of the war accelerated social, economic, and political change in Portugal's urban society. It strengthened political opposition to the dictatorship among intellectual and working classes, and it obliged the regime to bolster political repression. The general economic and financial status of Portugal, too, underwent improvements since creditor Britain, in order to purchase wolfram, foods, and other materials needed during the war, became indebted to Portugal. When Britain repaid this debt after the war, Portugal was able to restore and expand its merchant fleet. Unlike most of Europe, ravaged by the worst war in human history, Portugal did not suffer heavy losses of human life, infrastructure, and property. Unlike even her neighbor Spain, badly shaken by its terrible Civil War (1936-39), Portugal's immediate postwar condition was more favorable, especially in urban areas, although deep-seated poverty remained.
       Portugal experienced other effects, especially during 1939-42, as there was an influx of about a million war refugees, an infestation of foreign spies and other secret agents from 60 secret intelligence services, and the residence of scores of international journalists who came to report the war from Lisbon. There was also the growth of war-related mining (especially wolfram and tin). Portugal's media eagerly reported the war and, by and large, despite government censorship, the Portuguese print media favored the Allied cause. Portugal's standard of living underwent some improvement, although price increases were unpopular.
       The silent invasion of several thousand foreign spies, in addition to the hiring of many Portuguese as informants and spies, had fascinating outcomes. "Spyland" Portugal, especially when Portugal was a key point for communicating with occupied Europe (1940-44), witnessed some unusual events, and spying for foreigners at least briefly became a national industry. Until mid-1944, when Allied forces invaded France, Portugal was the only secure entry point from across the Atlantic to Europe or to the British Isles, as well as the escape hatch for refugees, spies, defectors, and others fleeing occupied Europe or Vichy-controlled Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria. Through Portugal by car, ship, train, or scheduled civil airliner one could travel to and from Spain or to Britain, or one could leave through Portugal, the westernmost continental country of Europe, to seek refuge across the Atlantic in the Americas.
       The wartime Portuguese scene was a colorful melange of illegal activities, including espionage, the black market, war propaganda, gambling, speculation, currency counterfeiting, diamond and wolfram smuggling, prostitution, and the drug and arms trade, and they were conducted by an unusual cast of characters. These included refugees, some of whom were spies, smugglers, diplomats, and business people, many from foreign countries seeking things they could find only in Portugal: information, affordable food, shelter, and security. German agents who contacted Allied sailors in the port of Lisbon sought to corrupt and neutralize these men and, if possible, recruit them as spies, and British intelligence countered this effort. Britain's MI-6 established a new kind of "safe house" to protect such Allied crews from German espionage and venereal disease infection, an approved and controlled house of prostitution in Lisbon's bairro alto district.
       Foreign observers and writers were impressed with the exotic, spy-ridden scene in Lisbon, as well as in Estoril on the Sun Coast (Costa do Sol), west of Lisbon harbor. What they observed appeared in noted autobiographical works and novels, some written during and some after the war. Among notable writers and journalists who visited or resided in wartime Portugal were Hungarian writer and former communist Arthur Koestler, on the run from the Nazi's Gestapo; American radio broadcaster-journalist Eric Sevareid; novelist and Hollywood script-writer Frederick Prokosch; American diplomat George Kennan; Rumanian cultural attache and later scholar of mythology Mircea Eliade; and British naval intelligence officer and novelist-to-be Ian Fleming. Other notable visiting British intelligence officers included novelist Graham Greene; secret Soviet agent in MI-6 and future defector to the Soviet Union Harold "Kim" Philby; and writer Malcolm Muggeridge. French letters were represented by French writer and airman, Antoine Saint-Exupery and French playwright, Jean Giroudoux. Finally, Aquilino Ribeiro, one of Portugal's premier contemporary novelists, wrote about wartime Portugal, including one sensational novel, Volframio, which portrayed the profound impact of the exploitation of the mineral wolfram on Portugal's poor, still backward society.
       In Estoril, Portugal, the idea for the world's most celebrated fictitious spy, James Bond, was probably first conceived by Ian Fleming. Fleming visited Portugal several times after 1939 on Naval Intelligence missions, and later he dreamed up the James Bond character and stories. Background for the early novels in the James Bond series was based in part on people and places Fleming observed in Portugal. A key location in Fleming's first James Bond novel, Casino Royale (1953) is the gambling Casino of Estoril. In addition, one aspect of the main plot, the notion that a spy could invent "secret" intelligence for personal profit, was observed as well by the British novelist and former MI-6 officer, while engaged in operations in wartime Portugal. Greene later used this information in his 1958 spy novel, Our Man in Havana, as he observed enemy agents who fabricated "secrets" for money.
       Thus, Portugal's World War II experiences introduced the country and her people to a host of new peoples, ideas, products, and influences that altered attitudes and quickened the pace of change in this quiet, largely tradition-bound, isolated country. The 1943-45 connections established during the Allied use of air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands were a prelude to Portugal's postwar membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > World War II

  • 9 geben

    n; -s, kein Pl.
    1. giving; es ist alles ein Geben und Nehmen it’s all a matter of give and take; Geben ist seliger denn Nehmen BIBL. it is more blessed to give than to receive
    2. Kartenspiel: am Geben sein be dealing, be the dealer; er ist am Geben it’s his deal
    * * *
    to hand; to deal; to give
    * * *
    ge|ben ['geːbn] pret gab [gaːp] ptp gegeben [gə'geːbn]
    1. TRANSITIVES VERB
    1) to give; (= reichen) to give, to pass; Schatten, Kühle to provide

    gibs mir! — give it to me!, give me it!

    könnten Sie mir die Butter/den Korkenzieher geben? — could you pass me the butter/the corkscrew?

    (von jdm) etw geben lassen — to ask (sb) for sth

    ich gäbe viel darum, zu... — I'd give a lot to...

    jdm einen Tritt geben — to give sb a kick; (figinf) to give sb the boot (inf)

    ein gutes Beispiel geben — to set a good example

    jdn/etw verloren geben — to give sb/sth up for lost

    2) = Cards to deal

    er hat mir drei Asse und zwei Buben gegeben — he dealt me three aces and two jacks

    3) = gewähren, verleihen to give; Thema, Aufgabe, Problem to set

    einen Elfmeter/einen Freistoß geben — to give a penalty kick/a free kick

    gebe Gott, dass... — God grant that...

    Taktgefühl ist ihm nicht gegeben — he's not over-endowed with tact

    es war ihm nicht gegeben, seine Eltern lebend wiederzusehen — he was not to see his parents alive again

    4) = schicken, übergeben to send; (dial = tun) to put

    in die Post geben — to post (Brit), to mail (esp US)

    ein Kind in Pflege geben — to put a child in care

    Milch an den Teig geben (dial) — to add milk to the dough

    5) = ergeben, erzeugen to produce

    2 + 2 gibt 4 — 2 + 2 makes 4

    ein Pfund gibt fünf Klöße — a pound will make five dumplings

    das gibt Ärger/Probleme — that will cause trouble/problems

    6) = veranstalten Konzert, Fest to give; Theaterstück etc to do

    am Schillertheater geben sie wieder "Maria Stuart" — they are doing "Maria Stuart" at the Schillertheater again

    was wird heute im Theater gegeben? — what's on at the theatre (Brit) or theater (US) today?

    7) = unterrichten to teach

    Englisch/Deutsch geben — to teach English/German

    er gibt Nachhilfeunterricht/Tanzstunden — he gives private tuition/dancing lessons (Brit), he does tutoring/gives dancing lessons

    8) andere Wendungendiams; viel/nicht viel auf etw (acc) geben to set great/little store by sth

    ich gebe nicht viel auf seinen Rat — I don't think much of his advicediams; etw von sich geben Laut, Worte, Flüche to utter; Meinung to express

    was er gestern von sich gegeben hat, war wieder einmal völlig unverständlich — what he was going on about yesterday was, as ever, completely incomprehensible

    2. INTRANSITIVES VERB

    der links von mir Sitzende gibt — the person sitting on my left deals

    wer gibt? — whose deal is it?, whose turn is it to deal?

    2) SPORT = Aufschlag haben to serve
    3. UNPERSÖNLICHES VERB
    diams; es gibt (+sing) there is; (+pl) there are

    darauf gibt es 10% Rabatt — you get 10% discount on it

    wann gibts was zu essen? – es gibt gleich was — when are we going to get something to eat? – it's on its way

    was gibts? — what's the matter?, what is it?

    das gibts nicht, dass ein Vegetarier Metzger wird — it's impossible, a vegetarian wouldn't become a butcher, it's inconceivable that a vegetarian would become a butcher

    so was gibts bei uns nicht! (inf) — that's just not on! (inf)

    4. REFLEXIVES VERB
    1) diams; sich geben = nachlassen Regen to ease off; (Schmerzen) to ease, to lessen; (Leidenschaft, Begeisterung) to lessen, to cool; (freches Benehmen) to lessen
    2)

    = aufgeben, ergeben sich gefangen geben — to give oneself up

    See:
    3) = sich erledigen to sort itself out; (= aufhören) to stop

    machen Sie erst mal die dringensten Sachen, der Rest wird sich (von alleine) geben — do the most urgent things first, the rest will sort itself out

    gibt sich das bald! (inf) — cut it out! (inf)

    4) = sich benehmen to behave

    sich freundlich geben — to behave in a friendly way, to be friendly

    sich als große Dame geben — to play the great lady

    sich von oben herab geben — to behave condescendingly, to be condescending

    nach außen gab er sich heiter — outwardly he seemed quite cheerful

    sie gibt sich, wie sie ist — she's completely genuine, there's no pretence (Brit) or pretense (US) with her

    * * *
    1) (to give, especially for a particular purpose or regularly: His father allows him too much money.) allow
    2) (to give (something) to someone by hand: I handed him the book; He handed it back to me; I'll go up the ladder, and you can hand the tools up to me.) hand
    3) (the act of dividing cards among players in a card game.) deal
    4) (to distribute (cards).) deal
    5) (to cause to have: My aunt gave me a book for Christmas; Can you give me an opinion on this?) give
    6) (to produce (something): Cows give milk but horses do not; He gave a talk on his travels.) give
    7) (to organize (some event etc): We're giving a party next week.) give
    * * *
    ge·ben
    [ˈge:bn̩]
    1.
    <gibt, gab, gegeben>
    ▪ jdm etw \geben to give sb sth, to give sth to sb
    gibst du mir bitte mal das Brot? could you give [or hand] me the bread, please? [or pass]
    ich würde alles darum \geben, ihn noch einmal zu sehen I would give anything to see him again; (beim Kartenspiel) to deal
    du hast mir 3 Joker gegeben you've dealt me 3 jokers
    wer gibt jetzt? whose turn is it to deal?
    2.
    <gibt, gab, gegeben>
    (schenken) to give [as a present]
    3.
    <gibt, gab, gegeben>
    jdm die [o seine] Telefonnummer \geben to give sb one's telephone number
    ▪ sich dat etw [von jdm] \geben lassen to ask [sb] for sth
    er ließ sich die Speisekarte \geben he asked for the menu
    4.
    <gibt, gab, gegeben>
    ▪ jdm etw \geben to get sb sth; (bezahlen)
    ▪ [jdm] etw für etw akk \geben to give [sb] sth for sth
    was darf ich Ihnen \geben? what can I get you?
    darf ich Ihnen sonst noch was \geben? can I get you anything else?
    \geben Sie mir bitte fünf Brötchen I'd like five bread rolls please
    ich gebe Ihnen 500 Euro für das Bild I'll give you [or let you have] 500 euros for the picture
    Preisnachlass/Skonto \geben to give a reduction/cash discount
    5.
    <gibt, gab, gegeben>
    ▪ etw gibt jdm etw sth gives [sb] sth
    Schutz/Schatten \geben to give [or provide] protection/shade
    6.
    <gibt, gab, gegeben>
    einen Preis \geben to award a prize
    Titel/Namen \geben to give a title/name
    diese erfreuliche Nachricht gab ihr neue Zuversicht this welcome piece of news gave her new confidence
    der Gedanke an eine Rettung gab uns immer wieder Kraft the thought of being rescued always gave us strength
    7.
    <gibt, gab, gegeben>
    TELEK (telefonisch verbinden)
    ▪ jdm jdn \geben to put sb through to sb
    \geben Sie mir bitte Frau Schmidt can I speak to Mrs Smith, please
    8.
    <gibt, gab, gegeben>
    ▪ jdm etw \geben to give [or set] sb sth
    eine Aufgabe/ein Problem/ein Thema \geben to set a task/problem/topic
    9.
    <gibt, gab, gegeben>
    ▪ etw \geben to give sth
    der Minister wird eine Pressekonferenz \geben the minister will give [or hold] a press conference
    10.
    <gibt, gab, gegeben>
    ▪ jd gibt [jdm] etw sb gives [or allows] [sb] sth
    jdm einen Namen \geben to name a person
    jdm ein Interview \geben to grant sb an interview
    jdm eine Verwarnung \geben to give sb a warning; SPORT to book sb
    einen Freistoß \geben FBALL to award a free-kick
    11.
    <gibt, gab, gegeben>
    ein Theaterstück \geben to put on a play
    12.
    <gibt, gab, gegeben>
    ein Fest \geben to give a party
    13.
    <gibt, gab, gegeben>
    ▪ etw/jdn irgendwohin \geben akk to send sth/sb somewhere
    sein Auto in [die] Reparatur \geben to have one's car repaired
    sein Kind in ein Internat \geben to send one's child to boarding school
    dürfen wir während unseres Urlaubs unsere Katze zu euch \geben? can you take our cat while we're away?
    14.
    <gibt, gab, gegeben>
    KOCHK (fam: tun)
    ▪ etw in etw akk/an etw akk \geben, etw zu etw dat \geben to add sth to sth
    Wein in die Soße \geben to add wine to the sauce
    15.
    <gibt, gab, gegeben>
    ▪ etw \geben to produce sth
    sieben mal sieben gibt neunundvierzig seven times seven equals forty-nine, seven sevens are forty-nine
    Rotwein gibt Flecken red wine stains [or leaves stains]
    keinen Sinn \geben that makes no sense
    ein Wort gab das andere one word led to another
    16.
    <gibt, gab, gegeben>
    ▪ etw \geben to teach sth
    Nachhilfestunden \geben to give private tuition
    Unterricht \geben to teach
    jdm etw zu tun \geben to give sb sth to do
    17.
    <gibt, gab, gegeben>
    ▪ etw von sich dat \geben to utter sth
    er gab wenig Worte von sich he said very little
    18.
    <gibt, gab, gegeben>
    (euph fam: sich erbrechen)
    ▪ etw [wieder] von sich dat \geben to throw up [sth], to bring up sth sep [again] euph
    19.
    ▶ es jdm \geben (fam) to let sb have it fam
    ▶ gib's ihm! let him have it!
    ▶ jdm ist etw nicht gegeben sth is not given to sb
    nicht allen ist es gegeben, einem solchen Ereignis beizuwohnen not everybody gets the opportunity to be present at such an event
    es war ihm nicht gegeben, seine Heimatstadt wiederzusehen he was not destined to see his home town again
    ▶ nichts auf etw akk \geben to think nothing of sth
    ▶ jdm etw zu tun \geben to give sb sth to do
    das wird ihm für die nächsten Monate zu tun geben! that'll keep him busy for the next few months!
    das sollte der Firmenleitung zu denken \geben that should give the company management something to think about!
    ▶ viel/nicht viel auf etw akk \geben to set great/not much store by sth
    ich gebe nicht viel auf die Gerüchte I don't pay much attention to rumours
    1.
    <gibt, gab, gegeben>
    KARTEN (austeilen) to deal
    jetzt hast du genug gemischt, gib endlich! you've shuffled enough now, just deal them!
    2.
    <gibt, gab, gegeben>
    SPORT (Aufschlag haben) to serve
    du gibst! it's your serve
    1.
    <gibt, gab, gegeben>
    (gereicht werden)
    ▪ es gibt etw there is sth
    hoffentlich gibt es bald was zu essen! I hope there's something to eat soon!
    was gibt es zum Frühstück? what's for breakfast?
    freitags gibt es bei uns immer Fisch we always have fish on Fridays
    2.
    <gibt, gab, gegeben>
    ▪ es gibt etw there is sth
    heute gibt es noch Regen it'll rain today
    hat es sonst noch etwas gegeben, als ich weg war? has anything else happened while I was away
    was wird das noch geben? where will it all lead to?
    gleich gibt es was (fam) there's going to be trouble
    3.
    <gibt, gab, gegeben>
    ▪ etw/jdn gibt es there's sth/sb
    das gibt's nicht! (fam) no way!, nothing doing!, forget it!
    das gibt es nicht, dass du einfach meinen Wagen nimmst there's no way that you're taking [or using] my car
    ein Bär mit zwei Köpfen? das gibt es nicht! a bear with two heads? there's no such thing!
    das gibt's doch nicht! (fam) that's unbelievable
    so was gibt es bei uns nicht! that's not on [as far as we're concerned]!
    was gibt's? (fam) what's the matter, what's up fam
    was es nicht alles gibt! (fam) well, I'll be damned! fam, stone me! sl, stone the crows BRIT sl
    4.
    ▶ da gibt es nichts! (fam) there are no two ways about it
    seine Lieder sind einmalig, da gibt es nichts! there's no doubt about it, his songs are unique
    1.
    <gibt, gab, gegeben>
    ▪ etw gibt sich sth eases [off] [or lets up]
    das gibt sich it will sort itself out
    die Kopfschmerzen werden sich \geben your headache will go off
    diese Aufsässigkeit wird sich bald von ganz alleine \geben this rebelliousness will soon die down of its own accord; (sich erledigen) to sort itself out
    manches gibt sich von selbst wieder some things sort themselves out
    das wird sich schon \geben it will all work out [for the best]
    2.
    <gibt, gab, gegeben>
    ▪ sich akk als etw \geben to behave in a certain way
    sie gab sich sehr überrascht she acted very surprised
    nach außen gab er sich heiter outwardly he behaved cheerfully
    sie gibt sich, wie sie ist she doesn't try to be anything she isn't
    sich akk von der besten Seite \geben to show one's best side
    3.
    <gibt, gab, gegeben>
    (sich finden, ergeben)
    ▪ etw gibt sich sth arises
    es wird sich schon noch eine Gelegenheit \geben there's sure to be another opportunity
    * * *
    1.
    unregelmäßiges transitives Verb
    1) give; (reichen) give; hand; pass

    geben Sie mir bitte Herrn N. — please put me through to Mr N.

    ich gäbe viel darum, wenn ich das machen könnte — I'd give a lot to be able to do that

    etwas [nicht] aus der Hand geben — [not] let go of something

    geben Sie mir bitte ein Bier — I'll have a beer, please

    Geben ist seliger denn Nehmen — (Spr.) it is more blessed to give than to receive (prov.)

    etwas in Druck (Akk.) od. zum Druck geben — send something to press or to be printed; s. auch Pflege

    3) (gewähren) give

    einen Elfmeter geben — (Sport) award a penalty

    4) (bieten) give
    5) (versetzen) give <slap, kick, etc.>

    es jemandem geben — (ugs.): (jemandem die Meinung sagen) give somebody what for (sl.); (jemanden verprügeln) let somebody have it

    gib [es] ihm! — (ugs.) let him have it!

    6) (erteilen) give
    7) (hervorbringen) give <milk, shade, light>
    8) (veranstalten) give, throw < party>; give, lay on < banquet>; give < dinner party, ball>
    9) (aufführen) give <concert, performance>

    das Theater gibt den ‘Faust’ — the theatre is putting on ‘Faust’

    drei mal drei gibt neun — three threes are nine; three times three is or makes nine

    das gibt [k]einen Sinn — that makes [no] sense

    11) in

    Unsinn/dummes Zeug von sich geben — (abwertend) talk nonsense/rubbish

    keinen Laut/Ton von sich geben — not make a sound

    13) in

    viel/wenig auf etwas (Akk.) geben — set great/little store by something

    14) (hinzugeben) add; put in

    etwas an das Essen geben — add something to or put something into the food

    15) (ugs.): (erbrechen)

    alles wieder von sich geben — bring or (coll.) sick everything up again

    2.
    unregelmäßiges transitives Verb; unpers
    1) (vorhanden sein)

    es gibt — there is/are

    das gibt es ja gar nicht — I don't believe it; you're joking (coll.)

    Kommen Sie herein. Was gibt es? — Come in. What's the matter or (coll.) what's up?

    was es nicht alles gibt! — (ugs.) what will they think of next?

    da gibt's nichts — (ugs.) there's no denying it or no doubt about it

    da gibt's nichts, da würde ich sofort protestieren — there's nothing else for it, I'd protest immediately in that case

    was gibt es zu essen/trinken? — what is there to eat/drink?

    morgen gibt es Schnee/Sturm — it'll snow tomorrow/there'll be a storm tomorrow

    gleich/sonst gibt's was — (ugs.) there'll be trouble in a minute/otherwise

    3.
    unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb
    1) (Karten austeilen) deal
    2) (Sport): (aufschlagen) serve
    4.
    1)

    sich [natürlich] geben — act or behave [naturally]

    sich nach außen hin gelassen geben — give the appearance of being relaxed

    deine Art, dich zu geben — the way you behave

    das Fieber wird sich geben — his/her etc. temperature will drop

    das gibt sich/wird sich noch geben — it will get better

    * * *
    geben; gibt, gab, hat gegeben
    A. v/t
    1. give (
    jemandem etwas sb sth, sth to sb); (reichen) auch hand; (schenken) auch present (with); (verleihen) auch lend; (Ball etc) (weitergeben) pass;
    etwas nicht aus der Hand geben (nicht hergeben) not let go of sth, not part with sth; fig (Leitung, Verantwortung) refuse to give up sth ( oder relinquish sth);
    jemandem zu trinken/essen geben give sb sth to drink/eat;
    jemandem seine Medizin geben (verabreichen) give sb his ( oder her) medicine;
    was gibst du mir dafür? what will you give me for it?;
    sich (dat)
    etwas geben lassen (bitten um, verlangen) ask for sth;
    jemandem etwas als Pfand/zur Aufbewahrung geben give sb sth as a pledge/for safekeeping;
    geben Sie mir bitte ein Bier/zwei Kilo Äpfel give me ( oder I’d like) a beer/two kilos of apples, please;
    geben Sie mir bitte Herrn Müller am Telefon: I’d like to speak to Mr ( oder Mr.) Müller, please, put me through to Mr ( oder Mr.) Müller, please;
    ich gäbe was drum zu wissen … umg I’d give anything to know …; → Druck2, Hand1, Kommission, Pflege etc
    2. (Auskunft, Befehl, Erlaubnis, Hinweis etc) give; (gewähren) auch grant; (bieten) give, offer; (Hoffnung, Mut etc) give, fill sb with;
    jemandem keinen Anlass geben zu (+inf) give sb no cause to (+inf)
    jemandem eine/eine letzte Chance geben give sb a/one last chance;
    er hat noch viel/mir nichts zu geben (bieten) he still has plenty to offer/he has nothing to offer me;
    der Arzt gibt ihm noch zwei Monate (zu leben) fig the doctor gives him two more ( oder another two) months (to live); → Antwort, Bescheid, Blöße, Wort etc
    3. (Konzert etc) give; (Theaterstück etc) perform, do umg; (Film) show; (Essen, Party) have, give; (Unterricht, Fach) teach;
    was wird heute Abend gegeben? what’s on tonight?;
    das Stück wurde drei Monate lang gegeben the play ran ( oder was on) for three months
    4. SPORT (Ecke, Elfmeter, Freistoß) give
    5. (Ertrag etc) give, yield;
    Milch geben give ( oder provide) milk
    6. (ergeben) make; (Flecken) make, leave;
    das gibt eine gute Suppe it makes a good soup;
    das gibt keinen Sinn it doesn’t make (any) sense;
    fünf mal sechs gibt dreißig five sixes are thirty, five times six is thirty
    7. (tun, legen, stecken etc) put; (hinzufügen) add;
    Salz in die Suppe geben put salt into ( oder add salt to) the soup
    8.
    von sich geben (Geräusch, Geruch) give off; CHEM emit; (Äußerung) make; (Schrei etc) give; (auch Flüche) let out;
    nichts als Unsinn von sich geben talk nothing but nonsense; → Ton1
    9.
    viel geben auf gutes Benehmen etc: set great store by; besonders auf jemanden: think highly ( oder a lot) of;
    wenig/nichts geben auf Konventionen etc: set little/no store by, not bother much/at all about umg; auf jemanden: not think much of;
    ich gebe nichts auf i-e Worte I don’t believe a word she says, I don’t take anything she says seriously
    10. umg:
    es jemandem geben let sb have it, give it to sb;
    gib ihm Saures! give him hell,
    dem hab ich’s aber gegeben! I really let him have it ( oder gave it to him)!;
    gut gegeben! that’s telling him etc!
    B. v/i
    1. give (
    den Armen geben give to the poor;
    gern geben give willingly ( oder gladly)
    2. Kartenspiel: deal;
    wer gibt? whose deal is it?
    3. Tennis: serve
    4. unpers:
    es gibt (existiert, wird angeboten etc) there is, there are;
    es gibt Leute, die … some people …;
    der beste Spieler, den es je gab the best player there ever was;
    es gab viel zu tun there was a lot to do;
    es gab kein Entrinnen there was no escaping;
    was gibt es da noch zu überlegen? what is there still to think about?;
    was gibt es da zu lachen? ärgerlich: what’s funny about that?;
    was gibt’s? what’s up?; (was hast du) what’s the matter?;
    was gibt’s Neues? what’s new?;
    was gibt es zum Mittagessen? what’s for lunch?;
    was es nicht alles gibt! umg you don’t say!;
    das gibt’s nicht! (existert nicht) there’s no such thing; (das darf nicht wahr sein) you’re joking, that can’t be true; verbietend: that’s out;
    das gibt’s nicht - sie ist tatsächlich noch aufgetaucht! umg I don’t ( oder can’t) believe she actually turned up;
    Sachen gibt’s, die gibt’s nicht umg truth is often stranger than fiction, there are more things in heaven and earth (than are dreamed of in your philosophy); ungläubig: would you believe it!;
    gibt’s den denn noch? umg is he still around?;
    da gibt’s nichts! umg (ohne Zweifel) there’s no doubt about that, and no mistake about it; (unter allen Umständen) even if it kills me etc
    5. unpers; zukünftig:
    das gibt Ärger umg there’ll be trouble;
    morgen gibt es Schnee it’s going to snow ( oder there’s going to be snow) tomorrow;
    heute wird’s noch was geben (ein Gewitter) I think we’re in for some bad weather ( oder a storm); (einen Krach) auch there’s trouble brewing ( oder in the air);
    sei ruhig, sonst gibt’s was! umg be quiet, or else!
    C. v/r
    1. (sich benehmen) act, behave; (vorgeben) play, pretend;
    sich natürlich geben act naturally;
    geben play the expert etc, pose as an expert etc
    2. (nachlassen) ease up; (vorübergehen) pass, blow over; Leidenschaft etc: auch cool (down); Schmerzen: let up; völlig: go away; Fieber: go down; (wieder gut werden) come right;
    das gibt sich wieder auch it’ll sort itself out
    3.
    geben give o.s. up to ( oder resign o.s. to) one’s fate etc
    4. Gelegenheit: arise, present itself; → gegeben
    * * *
    1.
    unregelmäßiges transitives Verb
    1) give; (reichen) give; hand; pass

    geben Sie mir bitte Herrn N. — please put me through to Mr N.

    ich gäbe viel darum, wenn ich das machen könnte — I'd give a lot to be able to do that

    etwas [nicht] aus der Hand geben — [not] let go of something

    geben Sie mir bitte ein Bier — I'll have a beer, please

    Geben ist seliger denn Nehmen — (Spr.) it is more blessed to give than to receive (prov.)

    etwas in Druck (Akk.) od. zum Druck geben — send something to press or to be printed; s. auch Pflege

    3) (gewähren) give

    einen Elfmeter geben — (Sport) award a penalty

    4) (bieten) give
    5) (versetzen) give <slap, kick, etc.>

    es jemandem geben — (ugs.): (jemandem die Meinung sagen) give somebody what for (sl.); (jemanden verprügeln) let somebody have it

    gib [es] ihm! — (ugs.) let him have it!

    6) (erteilen) give
    7) (hervorbringen) give <milk, shade, light>
    8) (veranstalten) give, throw < party>; give, lay on < banquet>; give <dinner party, ball>
    9) (aufführen) give <concert, performance>

    das Theater gibt den ‘Faust’ — the theatre is putting on ‘Faust’

    drei mal drei gibt neun — three threes are nine; three times three is or makes nine

    das gibt [k]einen Sinn — that makes [no] sense

    11) in

    Unsinn/dummes Zeug von sich geben — (abwertend) talk nonsense/rubbish

    keinen Laut/Ton von sich geben — not make a sound

    13) in

    viel/wenig auf etwas (Akk.) geben — set great/little store by something

    14) (hinzugeben) add; put in

    etwas an das Essen geben — add something to or put something into the food

    15) (ugs.): (erbrechen)

    alles wieder von sich geben — bring or (coll.) sick everything up again

    2.
    unregelmäßiges transitives Verb; unpers

    es gibt — there is/are

    das gibt es ja gar nicht — I don't believe it; you're joking (coll.)

    Kommen Sie herein. Was gibt es? — Come in. What's the matter or (coll.) what's up?

    was es nicht alles gibt! — (ugs.) what will they think of next?

    da gibt's nichts — (ugs.) there's no denying it or no doubt about it

    da gibt's nichts, da würde ich sofort protestieren — there's nothing else for it, I'd protest immediately in that case

    was gibt es zu essen/trinken? — what is there to eat/drink?

    morgen gibt es Schnee/Sturm — it'll snow tomorrow/there'll be a storm tomorrow

    gleich/sonst gibt's was — (ugs.) there'll be trouble in a minute/otherwise

    3.
    unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb
    4.
    1)

    sich [natürlich] geben — act or behave [naturally]

    deine Art, dich zu geben — the way you behave

    das Fieber wird sich geben — his/her etc. temperature will drop

    das gibt sich/wird sich noch geben — it will get better

    * * *
    v.
    (§ p.,pp.: gab, gegeben)
    = to deal v.
    to give v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: gave, given)
    to perform v.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > geben

  • 10 compañía

    f.
    1 company, enterprise, business, association.
    2 visitor, visitant.
    3 companionship, fellowship, company.
    4 company, small body of troops.
    * * *
    1 company
    \
    en compañía de in the company of
    hacer compañía a alguien to keep somebody company
    compañía de seguros insurance company
    compañía de teatro theatre (US theater) company
    malas compañías bad company sing
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) [gen] company

    en compañía de — with, accompanied by, in the company of

    andar en malas compañías, frecuentar malas compañías — to keep bad company

    2) (Com, Teat, Rel) company
    3) (Mil) company
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( acompañamiento) company
    b) compañías femenino plural ( amistades)
    2) ( empresa) company, firm
    3) (Mil) company
    •
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( acompañamiento) company
    b) compañías femenino plural ( amistades)
    2) ( empresa) company, firm
    3) (Mil) company
    •
    * * *
    compañía1
    1 = company, ship, outfit.

    Ex: Among the companies offering 'Mice' are Microsoft, Vision and Apple, but more are anticipated.

    Ex: English companionships (or ships as they were usually called) were first described in Stower's manual of 1808.
    Ex: The author compares the advantages and disadvantages of buying from the larger established companies and smaller outfits.
    * autorizado por la compañía = company-approved.
    * compañía aérea = airline, airline carrier.
    * compañía aérea barata = low-cost airline.
    * compañía aseguradora = insurer.
    * compañía aseguradora de vida = life-insurance company.
    * compañía cibernética = dot-com [dot.com].
    * compañía cinematográfica = film production company.
    * compañía comercial = business firm.
    * compañía con solera = mature company.
    * compañía de baile = dance company.
    * compañía de compra por alquiler = hire-purchase company.
    * compañía de confección de ropa = clothing company.
    * compañía de correos, teléfonos y telecomunicaciones = PTT (Posts, Telephones and Telecommunications).
    * compañía de danza = dance company.
    * compañía dedicada a la información = information company.
    * compañía de electricidad = power company.
    * compañía de fusileros = rifle company.
    * Compañía de Jesús, la = Society of Jesus, the.
    * compañía de música rock = rock company.
    * compañía de nueva creación = startup [start-up].
    * compañía de radio televisión = broadcaster.
    * compañía de ropa = clothing company.
    * compañía de seguros = insurance company, insurer.
    * compañía de seguros de vida = life-insurance company.
    * compañía de suministro de energía = energy company.
    * Compañía de Telecomunicaciones Británica = British Telecom (BT).
    * Compañía de Telecomunicaciones Británica (BT) = British Telecom (BT).
    * compañía de teléfonos = telephone company.
    * compañía de televisión = television company.
    * compañía de televisión por cable = cable company.
    * compañía de viajes = travel company.
    * compañía de vuelos chárter = charter airline.
    * compañía discográfica = record company, record label, music company.
    * compañía eléctrica = power company.
    * compañía embotelladora = bottler.
    * compañía en Internet = dot-com [dot.com].
    * compañía farmacéutica = pharmaceutical company.
    * compañía hipotecaria = mortgage company.
    * compañía industrial = industrial firm.
    * compañía inmobiliaria = real estate company.
    * compañía minera = mining company.
    * compañía naviera = shipping company.
    * compañía pretrolera = oil company.
    * compañía privada = private company.
    * compañía publicitaria = advertising firm.
    * compañía suministradora de agua = water authority, water board.
    * compañía suministradora de agua = water company.
    * compra de una compañía por otra = corporate takeover.
    * empleado de la compañía suministradora de agua = water board engineer.
    * nombre de compañía = company name.
    * oferta de compra de una compañía por otra = takeover bid.
    * sistema de compañías = companionship system.

    compañía2
    Nota: Asociación de compositores que surgió en el siglo XIX para realizar trabajos de composición en cooperación y dirigida por un 'capataz' (clickler) y cuyos miembros se denominaban 'compañeros' (companions). Véase ship para otras entradas acabadas con este sufijo.

    Ex: A companionship was a team of piecework compositors, led by one of their number, who co-operated in the setting of a book and submitted a single bill for the work, the proceeds of which were then divided amongst themselves.

    * buena compañía = good company.
    * dos son compañía, tres multitud = two is a company, three is a crowd.
    * en buena compañía = in good company.
    * mala compañía = bad apple, rotten apple, damaged goods.
    * servicio de compañía = escort service.

    * * *
    A
    llegó en compañía de sus abogados he arrived accompanied by his lawyers
    el gato me hace mucha compañía the cat keeps me company, the cat is good company for me
    me quedé un rato para hacerle compañía I stayed a while to keep him company
    Rosario y compañía, esto es un examen ( fam hum); Rosario and co., this is an exam ( colloq hum)
    (amistades): trata de evitar las malas compañías be careful of the company you keep
    se dejó llevar por las malas compañías he fell in with the wrong kind of people
    B (empresa) company, firm
    [ S ] Muñoz y Compañía Muñoz and Co.
    Compuestos:
    water company
    electricity company
    ( AmL); front company
    gas company
    registered company
    insurance company
    software house
    front company
    C ( Mil) company
    D ( Teatr) company
    la actriz formó su propia compañía the actress formed her own company
    Compuestos:
    repertory company
    theater* company
    E
    (agrupación): una compañía religiosa a religious society
    Compuesto:
    Society of Jesus
    * * *

     

    compañía sustantivo femenino
    1 ( acompañamiento) company;

    hacerle compañía a algn to keep sb company;
    andar en malas compañías to keep bad company
    2 ( empresa) company, firm;

    compañía de teatro theater( conjugate theater) company;

    ( on signs) Muñoz y Compañía Muñoz and Co.
    <s3 num="3"> (Mil) company</s3>
    compañía sustantivo femenino
    1 company
    hacer compañía (a alguien), to keep sb company
    2 Mil company
    3 (empresa) company
    compañía de baile, dance company
    ' compañía' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    Cía
    - con
    - corte
    - discográfica
    - discográfico
    - gustar
    - itinerante
    - lema
    - perra
    - perro
    - petrolera
    - petrolero
    - primera
    - primero
    - socia
    - socio
    - sola
    - solitaria
    - solitario
    - solo
    - acompañar
    - asegurador
    - Cía.
    - constituir
    - empresa
    - filial
    - ingreso
    - íngrimo
    - pérdida
    - presidencia
    - presidente
    - presidir
    - ruina
    - sede
    - trato
    English:
    ABC
    - acquire
    - action
    - after-care
    - answering service
    - antiaging
    - appropriate
    - atomize
    - attrition rate
    - audit
    - bankruptcy
    - base
    - BBC
    - board
    - busline
    - company
    - conception
    - directive
    - disconnect
    - dissolution
    - dividend
    - drastic
    - enjoyable
    - entail
    - enterprise
    - equalize
    - exercise
    - export
    - flourish
    - focus
    - fold
    - forefront
    - fourteenth
    - freeze
    - funnel
    - go under
    - gofer
    - greyhound
    - guideline
    - insurance company
    - keep
    - lion
    - list
    - manufacturer
    - market
    - misuse
    - overseas
    - public
    - society
    - troop
    * * *
    1. [cercanía] company;
    en compañía de accompanied by, in the company of;
    hacer compañía a alguien to keep sb company
    2. [acompañante] company;
    andar en malas compañías to keep bad company;
    ahora tienen compañía, volveré más tarde they've got company just now, I'll come back later;
    ¿quiénes han sido? – Fernando y compañía, como de costumbre who was it? – Fernando and co., as usual
    3. [empresa] company;
    Fernández y Compañía Fernández and Company
    compañía aérea airline;
    compañía discográfica record company;
    compañía eléctrica electricity company;
    compañía ferroviaria railway o US railroad company;
    compañía naviera shipping company;
    compañía petrolera oil company;
    compañía de seguros insurance company;
    compañía telefónica telephone company
    4. [de teatro, danza] company
    Compañía Nacional de Danza National Dance Company;
    compañía de repertorio repertory company
    5. [en ejército] company
    6. la Compañía de Jesús the Society of Jesus, the Jesuits
    * * *
    f company;
    en compañía de with, in the company of;
    hacer compañía a alguien keep s.o. company;
    malas compañías pl bad company sg
    * * *
    1) : company
    llegó en compañía de su madre: he arrived with his mother
    2) empresa, firma: firm, company
    * * *
    compañía n company [pl. companies]

    Spanish-English dictionary > compañía

  • 11 ἐκκλησία

    ἐκκλησία, ας, ἡ (ἐκ + καλέω; Eur., Hdt.+)
    ① a regularly summoned legislative body, assembly, as gener. understood in the Gr-Rom. world (Jos., Ant. 12, 164; 19, 332, Vi. 268) Ac 19:39 (on ‘[regular] statutory assembly’, s. ἔννομος and IBM III/2, p. 141. The term ἐννόμη ἐ. here contrasts w. the usage vss. 32 and 40, in which ἐ. denotes simply ‘a gathering’; s. 2 below. On the ἐ. in Ephesus cp. CIG III, 325; IBM III/1, 481, 340; on the ἐ. in the theater there s. the last-named ins ln. 395; OGI 480, 9).—Pauly-W. V/2, 1905, 2163–2200; RAC IV 905–21 (lit.).
    ② a casual gathering of people, an assemblage, gathering (cp. 1 Km 19:20; 1 Macc 3:13; Sir 26:5) Ac 19:32, 40.
    ③ people with shared belief, community, congregation (for common identity, cp. the community of Pythagoras [Hermippus in Diog. L. 8, 41]. Remarkably, in Himerius, Or. 39 [Or. 5], 5 Orpheus forms for himself τὴν ἐκκλησίαν, a group of wild animals, who listen to him, in the Thracian mountains where there are no people), in our lit. of common interest in the God of Israel.
    ⓐ of OT Israelites assembly, congregation (Dt 31:30; Judg 20:2; 1 Km 17:47; 3 Km 8:14; PsSol 10:6; TestJob 32:8 τῆς εὐώδους ἐ.; Philo; Jos., Ant. 4, 309; Diod S 40, 3, 6) Hb 2:12 (Ps 21:23); e.g. to hear the law (Dt 4:10; 9:10; 18:16) Ac 7:38.
    ⓑ of Christians in a specific place or area (the term ἐ. apparently became popular among Christians in Greek-speaking areas for chiefly two reasons: to affirm continuity with Israel through use of a term found in Gk. translations of the Hebrew Scriptures, and to allay any suspicion, esp. in political circles, that Christians were a disorderly group).
    α. of a specific Christian group assembly, gathering ordinarily involving worship and discussion of matters of concern to the community: Mt 18:17; συνερχομένων ὑμῶν ἐν ἐ. when you come together as an assembly 1 Cor 11:18; cp. 14:4f, 12, 19, 28, 35; pl. vs. 34. ἐν ἐ. ἐξομολογεῖσθαι τὰ παραπτώματα confess one’s sins in assembly D 4:14; cp. 3J 6 (JCampbell, JTS 49, ’48, 130–42; for the Johannines s. ESchweizer below). In Ac 15:22 the ‘apostles and elders’ function in the manner of the βουλή or council, the committee of the whole that was responsible in a Gr-Rom. polis for proposing legislation to the assembly of citizens.—Of Christians gathering in the home of a patron house-assembly (‘house-church’) Πρίσκαν καὶ Ἀκύλαν … καὶ τὴν κατʼ οἶκον αὐτῶν ἐ. Ro 16:5; cp. 1 Cor 16:19. Νύμφαν καὶ τὴν κατʼ οἶκον αὐτῆς ἐ. Col 4:15; ἡ κατʼ οἶκόν σου ἐ. Phlm 2.—FFilson, JBL 58, ’39, 105–12; other reff. οἶκος 1aα.—Pl. ἐ. τῶν ἁγίων 1 Cor 14:33; ἐ. τῶν ἐθνῶν Ro 16:4.—1 Ti 5:16 prob. belongs here, s. βαρέω b.
    β. congregation or church as the totality of Christians living and meeting in a particular locality or larger geographical area, but not necessarily limited to one meeting place: Ac 5:11; 8:3; 9:31 (so KGiles, NTS 31, ’85, 135–42; s. c below), 11:26; 12:5; 15:3; 18:22; 20:17; cp. 12:1; 1 Cor 4:17; Phil 4:15; 1 Ti 5:16 perh., s. α above; Js 5:14; 3 J 9f; 1 Cl 44:3; Hv 2, 4, 3. More definitely of the Christians in Jerusalem Ac 8:1; 11:22; cp. 2:47 v.l.; 15:4, 22; Cenchreae Ro 16:1; cp. vs. 23; Corinth 1 Cor 1:2; 2 Cor 1:1; 1 Cl ins; 47:6; AcPlCor 1:16; Laodicea Col 4:16; Rv 3:14; Thessalonica 1 Th 1:1; 2 Th 1:1; Colossae Phlm subscr. v.l. Likew. w. other names: Rv 2:1, 8, 12, 18; 3:1, 7; IEph ins; 8:1; IMg ins; ITr ins; 13:1; IRo 9:1; IPhld ins; 10:1; ISm 11:1; Pol ins. Plural: Ac 15:41; 16:5; Ro 16:16; 1 Cor 7:17; 2 Cor 8:18f, 23f; 11:8, 28; 12:13; Rv 2:7, 11, 17, 23, 29; 3:6, 13, 22; 22:16; the Christian community in Judea Gal 1:22; 1 Th 2:14; Galatia Gal 1:2; 1 Cor 16:1; Asia vs. 19; Rv 1:4, and cp. vss. 11 and 20; Macedonia 2 Cor 8:1. κατʼ ἐκκλησίαν in each individual congregation or assembly Ac 14:23 (on the syntax cp. OGI 480, 9 [s. 1 above]: ἵνα τιθῆνται κατʼ ἐκκλησίαν in order that they [the statues] might be set up at each [meeting of the] ἐ.). On κατὰ τ. οὖσαν ἐ. Ac 13:1 cp. εἰμί 1 end.
    ⓒ the global community of Christians, (universal) church (s. AvHarnack, Mission I4 420 n. 2 on Ac 12:1): Mt 16:18 (OBetz, ZNW 48, ’57, 49–77: Qumran parallels; s. HBraun, Qumran I, ’66, 30–37); Ac 9:31 (but s. 3bβ); 1 Cor 6:4; 12:28; Eph 1:22; 3:10, 21; 5:23ff, 27, 29, 32 (HSchlier, Christus u. d. Kirche im Eph 1930; also ThBl 6, 1927, 12–17); Col 1:18, 24; Phil 3:6; B 7:11; Hv 2, 2, 6; 2, 4, 1 (with the depiction of the church as an elderly lady cp. Ps.-Demetr. 265 where Hellas, the homeland, is represented as λαβοῦσα γυναικὸς σχῆμα); 3, 3, 3; IEph 5:1f and oft.—The local assembly or congregation as well as the universal church is more specif. called ἐ. τοῦ θεοῦ or ἐ. τ. Χριστοῦ. This is essentially Pauline usage, and it serves to give the current Gk. term its Christian coloring and thereby its special mng.:
    α. ἐ. τοῦ θεοῦ (Orig., C. Cels. 1, 63, 22) 1 Cor 1:2; 10:32; 11:16, 22; 15:9; 2 Cor 1:1; Gal 1:13; 1 Th 2:14; 2 Th 1:4; 1 Ti 3:5, 15; Ac 20:28; ITr 2:3; 12:1; IPhld 10:1; ISm ins al.
    β. ἐ. τοῦ Χριστοῦ (Orig., C. Cels. 5, 22, 14) Ro 16:16.
    γ. both together ἐ. ἐν θεῷ πατρὶ καὶ κυρίῳ Ἰησοῦ Χριστῷ 1 Th 1:1.
    δ. ἡ ἐ. ἡ πρώτη ἡ πνευματική the first, spiritual church (conceived in a Platonic sense as preexistent) 2 Cl 14:1; ἐ. ζῶσα the living church the body of Christ vs. 2; ἡ ἁγία ἐ. Hv 1, 1, 6; 1, 3, 4; ἡ καθολικὴ ἐ. ISm 8:2; ἡ ἁγία καὶ καθολικὴ ἐ. MPol ins; ἡ κατὰ τὴν οἰκουμένην καθολικὴ ἐ. 8:1; 19:2; ἓν σῶμα τῆς ἐ. ISm 1:2.—The literature before ’32 is given in OLinton, D. Problem der Urkirche in d. neueren Forschung (s. esp. 138–46) ’32 and AMedebielle, Dict. de la Bible, Suppl. II ’34, 487–691; before ’60, s. RAC; also s. TW, Sieben, and JHainz, Ekklesia ’72. Esp. important: EBurton, Gal (ICC) 1921, 417–20; KHoll, D. Kirchenbegriff des Pls usw.: SBBerlAk 1921, 920–47=Ges. Aufs. II 1928, 44ff; FKattenbusch, D. Vorzugsstellung d. Petrus u. d. Charakter d. Urgemeinde zu Jerusalem: KMüller Festschr. 1922, 322–51; KLSchmidt, D. Kirche des Urchristentums: Dssm. Festschr. 1927, 259–319, TW III 502–39. S. also: EPeterson, D. Kirche aus Juden u. Heiden ’33; KLSchmidt, D. Polis in Kirche u. Welt ’39; WBieder, Ekkl. u. Polis im NT u. in d. alten Kirche ’41; OMichel, D. Zeugnis des NTs v. d. Gemeinde ’41; NDahl, D. Volk Gottes ’41; RFlew, Jesus and His Church2, ’43; GJohnston, The Doctrine of the Church in the NT ’43; WKümmel, Kirchenbegriff u. Geschichtsbewusstsein in d. Urg. u. b. Jesus ’43; DFaulhaber, D. Johev. u. d. Kirche ’38; AFridrichsen, Kyrkan i 4. ev.: SvTK 16, ’40, 227–42; ESchweizer, NT Essays (Manson memorial vol.) ’59, 230–45; EWolf, Ecclesia Pressa—eccl. militans: TLZ 72, ’47, 223–32; SHanson, Unity of the Church in the NT ’46; HvCampenhausen, Kirchl. Amt u. geistl. Vollmacht in den ersten 3 Jahrh. ’53; EKäsemann, Sätze hlg. Rechtes im NT, NTS 1, ’55, 248–60; AGeorge, ET 58, ’46/47, 312–16; in ATR: JBernardin 21, ’39, 153–70; BEaston 22, ’40, 157–68; SWalke 32, ’50, 39–53 (Apost. Fath.); JMurphy, American Ecclesiastical Review 140, ’59, 250–59; 325–32; PMinear, Images of the Church in the NT, ’60; BMetzger, Theology Today 19, ’62, 369–80; ESchweizer, Church Order in the NT, tr. FClarke ’61; RSchnackenburg, The Church in the NT, tr. WO’Hara ’65; LCerfaux, JBL 85, ’66, 250–51; AHilhorst, Filología Neotestamentaria 1, ’88, 27–34. S. also ἐπίσκοπος 2 end; Πέτρος; πέτρα 1.—B. 1476f. DELG s.v. καλέω. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > ἐκκλησία

  • 12 χωρέω

    χωρέω fut. χωρήσω; 1 aor. ἐχώρησα; pf. κεχώρηκα (Just., Tat., Ath.) (Hom.+)
    ① to make movement from one place or position to another, go, go out/away, reach (Trag. et al.; pap)
    ⓐ lit. (Just., A I, 19, 5 εἰς ἐκεῖνο χωρεῖν ἕκαστον ἐξ οὗπερ ἐγένετο) of food εἰς τὴν κοιλίαν χωρεῖ Mt 15:17 (=εἰσπορεύεται Mk 7:19.—Aristot., Probl. 1, 55 the drink εἰς τὰς σάρκας χωρεῖ). τοιαύτη διὰ τῆς σαρκὸς αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ἔκρυσις ἐχώρησεν so strong was the discharge from his (Judas’s) body that it affected an entire region Papias (3:3). Of pers. εἰς τὸν ἴδιον τόπον μέλλει χωρεῖν IMg 5:1; cp. IEph 16:2. οὗ μέλλουσι χωρήσειν, τοῦτο that, to which they are destined to go Dg 8:2. εἴς τινα to someone (Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 95 §395 χ. ἐς τὸν ἀδελφόν; 5, 29 §114) of Christ, who has gone to the Father IMg 7:2. ἔτι κάτω χώρει go down still farther Mt 20:28 D. Of the head of a tall figure χωροῦσα μέχρι τοῦ οὐρανοῦ it reached up to the sky GPt 10:40 (like Eris: Il. 4, 443).
    ⓑ fig., of a report (Pla., Ep. 7, 333a; 338b λόγος ἐχώρει) εἰς ἡμᾶς ἐχώρησεν it has reached us 1 Cl 47:7. εἰς μετάνοιαν χωρεῖν come to repentance 2 Pt 3:9 (cp. Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 30 §115 ἐς ἀπόστασιν χ.=turned to revolt). εἴς τι ἀγαθὸν χωρεῖν lead to some good B 21:7 (Soph., El. 615 εἰς ἔργον; Aristoph., Ran. 641 ἐς τὸ δίκαιον).
    ② to make an advance in movement, be in motion, go forward, make progress (Pla., Cratyl. 19, 402a the saying of Heraclitus πάντα χωρεῖ καὶ οὐδὲν μένει; Hdt. 3, 42; 5, 89; 7, 10; 8, 68; Aristoph., Pax 472; 509, Nub. 907; Polyb. 10, 35, 4; 28, 15, 12; Dionys. Hal. 1, 64, 4; Plut., Galba 1057 [10, 1]; TestIss 1:11 v.l.; Jos., Ant. 12, 242; PTebt 27, 81 ἕκαστα χωρῆσαι κατὰ τὴν ἡμετέραν πρόθεσιν) ὁ λόγος ὁ ἐμὸς οὐ χωρεῖ ἐν ὑμῖν my word makes no headway among you J 8:37 (Moffatt; cp. Weymouth. Eunap., Vi. Soph. p. 103 χωρεῖ λόγος). Or perh. (as in 1b above) there is no place in you for my word (NRSV; cp. Goodsp. and 20th Cent.; Field, Notes 94f, w. ref. to Alciphron, Ep. 3, 7; Bultmann; DTabachovitz, Till betydelsen av χωρεῖν Joh. 8:37: Eranos 31, ’33, 71f.—Perh. also=χώραν ἔχειν Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 70 §289 ὀλίγην ἐν αὐτοῖς χώραν ἔχειν; Alex. Aphr., Fat. 6 p. 169, 31 Br. χώραν ἐν αὐτοῖς ἔχει τὸ παρὰ φύσιν ‘even that which is contrary to nature has room [to be practiced] among them’; Ath., R. 20 p. 73, 18 οὐδʼ οὕτως ἕξει χώραν ἡ κατʼ αὐτῆς κρίσις not even so would any judgment of [the soul] take place).
    ③ to have room for, hold, contain
    ⓐ lit., of vessels that hold a certain quantity (Hdt. et al.; Diod S 13, 83, 3 of stone πίθοι: χ. ἀμφορεῖς χιλίους; 3 Km 7:24; 2 Ch 4:5 χ. μετρητάς; EpArist 76 χωροῦντες ὑπὲρ δύο μετρητάς; TestNapht 2:2) J 2:6; cp. Hs 9, 2, 1. In a hyperbolic expr. οὐδʼ αὐτὸν τὸν κόσμον χωρῆσαι (v.l. χωρήσειν) τὰ γραφόμενα βιβλία J 21:25 (Philo, Ebr. 32 οὐδὲ τῶν δωρεῶν ἱκανὸς οὐδεὶς χωρῆσαι τὸ ἄφθονον πλῆθος, ἴσως δὲ οὐδʼ ὁ κόσμος ‘no one, probably not even the world, is capable of containing the inexhaustible multitude of their gifts’. On this subj. cp. Pind., O. 2, 98–100, N. 4, 71f; s. also ELucius, Die Anfänge des Heiligenkults 1904, 200, 1; OWeinreich, Antike Heilungswunder 1909, 199–201). Of a space that holds people (Thu. 2, 17, 3; Diod S 13, 61, 6 μὴ δυναμένων χωρῆσαι τῶν τριήρων τὸν ὄχλον=be able to hold the crowd; Plut., Mor. 804b; of theater capacity PSI 186, 4 χωρήσει τὸ θέαδρον [sic]; Gen 13:6; Jos., Bell, 6, 131) without an obj. (cp. οὐ χάρτης χωρεῖ in late pap = the sheet of paper is not large enough) ὥστε μηκέτι χωρεῖν μηδὲ τὰ πρὸς τὴν θύραν so that there was no longer any room, even around the door Mk 2:2. Cp. Hm 5, 2, 5. Of God πάντα χωρῶν, μόνος δὲ ἀχώρητος ὤν containing everything, but the only one uncontained Hm 1:1; quite sim. PtK 2 p. 13, 24 (Mel., P. 5, 38 Χριστός, ὸ̔ς κεχώρηκεν τὰ πάντα).
    ⓑ fig.
    α. of open-heartedness, having a ‘big heart’ χωρήσατε ἡμᾶς make room for us in your hearts 2 Cor 7:2 (cp. 6:12; Field, Notes 184; PDuff, Apostolic Suffering and the Language of Procession in 2 Cor 4:7–10: BTB 21, ’91, 158–65).
    β. grasp in the mental sense, accept, comprehend, understand (Περὶ ὕψους 9, 9 τὴν τοῦ θεοῦ δύναμιν; Plut., Cato Min. 791 [64, 5] τὸ Κάτωνος φρόνημα χωρεῖν; Synes., Kingship 29 p. 31d φιλοσοφία has her abode παρὰ τῷ θεῷ … καὶ ὅταν αὐτὴν μὴ χωρῇ κατιοῦσαν ὁ χθόνιος χῶρος, μένει παρὰ τῷ πατρί=and if she comes down and the region of the earth cannot contain her, she remains with the Father; SIG 814, 11 [67 A.D.]; Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 238, 8; PGM 4, 729; Ps.-Phocyl. 89; Philo; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 225) τὸν λόγον Mt 19:11. Pass. Dg 12:7. W. acc. to be supplied Mt 19:12ab=ISm 6:1; cp. ITr 5:1.
    γ. of a native condition permit, allow for ἃ οὐ χωρεῖ ἡ φύσις αὐτῆς=(Mary has had a child) something that her present native (virginal) condition does not allow for GJs 19:3 (s. φύσις 2). DELG s.v. χώρα. M-M. Sv.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > χωρέω

  • 13 Literature

       The earliest known examples of literary writing in the Portuguese language is a collection of songbooks ( cancioneiros) that date from the 12th century, written by anonymous court troubadours, aristocrats, and clerics with poetic and musical talent. In the 13th and 14th centuries, ballads ( romanceiros) became popular at court. One of these written after the battle of Aljubarrota is considered to be the Portuguese equivalent of the English Arthurian legend. Literary prose in Portuguese began in the 14th century, with the compilation of chronicles ( chrónicos) written by Fernão Lopes de Castenhada who was commissioned by King Duarte (1430-38) to write a history of the House of Aviz.
       During the 15th and 16th centuries, Portuguese chroniclers turned their attention to the discoveries and the Portuguese overseas empire. The Portuguese discoveries in India and Asia were chronicled by João de Barros, whose writing appeared posthumously under the pen name of Diogo Do Couto; Fernão Lopes de Castenhade wrote a 10-volume chronicle of the Portuguese in India. The most famous chronicle from this period was the Peregrinação (Pilgrimage), a largely true adventure story and history of Portugal that was as popular among 17th-century readers in Iberia as was Miguel de Cer-vantes's Don Quixote. Portugal's most celebrated work of national literature, The Lusiads ( Os Lusíadas), written by Luís de Camões chronicled Vasco da Gama's voyage to India (1497-99) within the context of the history of Portugal.
       During the period when Portugal was under Spanish domination (1580-1640), the preferred language of literary expression was Castilian Spanish. The greatest writer of this period was Francisco Manuel de Melo, who wrote in Castilian and Portuguese. His most famous work is an eyewitness account of the 1640 Catalan revolt against Castile, Historia de los Movimientos y Separación de Cata-luna (1645), which allowed the Portuguese monarchy to regain its independence that same year.
       Little of note was written during the 17th century with the exception of Letters of a Portuguese Nun, an enormously popular work in the French language thought to have been written by Sister Mariana Alcoforado to a French officer Noel Bouton, Marquise de Chamilly.
       Modern Portuguese writing began in the early 19th century with the appearance of the prose-fiction of João Baptista de Almeida Garrett and the historian-novelist Alexandre Herculano. The last half of the 19th century was dominated by the Generation of 1870, which believed that Portugal was, due to the monarchy and the Catholic Church, a European backwater. Writers such as José Maria Eça de Queirós dissected the social decadence of their day and called for reform and national renewal. The most famous Portuguese poet of the 20th century is, without doubt, Fernando Pessoa, who wrote poetry and essays in English and Portuguese under various names. António Ferro (1895-1956) published best-selling accounts of the right-wing dictatorships in Italy and Spain that endeared him to Prime Minister António de Oliveira Salazar, who made him the Estado Novo's secretary of national propaganda.
       The various responses of the Portuguese people to the colonial African wars (1961-75) were chronicled by António Lobo Antunes. In 1998, the noted Portuguese novelist, poet, essayist, and travel writer, José Saramago was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, the first writer in the Portuguese language of whatever nationality to be so honored. His most famous novels translated into English include: Baltazar and Blimunda (1987), The Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis (1991), and The History of the Siege of Lisbon (1996).

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Literature

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  • Theater and The Holocaust —    The threat of Nazism was dealt with in a number of notable stage plays in the 1930s and 1940s. They include N. Behrman’s Rain from Heaven (1934), Lillian Hellman’s Watch on the Rhine (1941), and Elmer Rice’s Flight to the West (1940) and… …   Historical dictionary of the Holocaust

  • Culture of the People's Republic of China — The Red Detachment of Women, one of the Eight model plays with Communist themes This article discusses the culture of the People s Republic of China. See also the culture of China, culture of Hong Kong, culture of Macau and culture of Taiwan. The …   Wikipedia

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